At the end of the seventeenth century, the lexicographer Antoine Furetière limited the definition of nurses to those who cared for new mothers. However, in the private sphere, they cared for patients with all sorts of illnesses. It was only in 1816 that Doctor Marc proposed a precise definition of their activity. This paper examines the shift from nurses being considered as domestic healthcare workers to them being seen as skilled professionals whose role involved administering paramedical care.Because they were not part of a particular occupational community, nurses escaped the traditional categories of analysis of urban work. While the studies on health in the eighteenth century considered them to be like relations or friends of the patients, or to practice in hospitals, in the expenses lists recorded for post-mortem procedures they appear as new actors offering specific services.Nurses played a part in spreading a “culture of dependency,” which was reflected in some medical texts and in some private writings by patients, making it possible to define the expectations and risks of the profession. The absence of testimonies from nurses themselves is revealing of their dependence on physicians.This text is not intended to be a detailed historical account of the evolution of nursing education. It will instead highlight steps in the evolution of types and sites of nursing education, providing an overview of the steps that nursing has taken toward being a subject of study at university. It will also present an overview of the challenges and obstacles, in order to gain a better understanding of what is happening in a specific country and to enable comparisons between countries. This article is based on the idea that exploring specific conditions could help in understanding general trends. A general overview of the current situation is also proposed in order to highlight the steps taken in what has been an eventful evolution.INTRODUCTION This study seeks to understand the barriers women face in accessing modern health care in the city of Goma, the capital of North Kivu province of the Democratic Republic of Congo.Purpose of research We examined the experiences, perceptions and representations of the population and caregivers by conducting a total of 66 semi-directive interviews. RESULTS In Goma, the use of healthcare facilities often requires the prior consent of the husband or head of the family. Within hospitals and health centers, sexual harassment appears to be a common practice that may discourage some girls or women from accessing health care. In the female population, young girls, single mothers and women victims of sexual violence face specific obstacles. Caregivers, far from being neutral technicians, are imbued with dominant cultural and religious norms; this has repercussions on the services provided. CONCLUSIONS By relating gender to marital status, age, education level and socio-economic profile, we were able to understand the specific barriers faced by certain categories of women. However, women are not the only ones facing difficulties in accessing care. It would be interesting to track studies on other discriminated groups in order to gain a global understanding of the situation.INTRODUCTION This article relates and analyzes a partnership between a local and an international organization settled both in Djibouti.Purpose of research From the very beginning, ongoing observational and analytical assessment allowed for a complete study of the entire partnership process, from the initial replies to calls for projects to the completion of projects. RESULTS Results are given from two angles. A factual narrative of the partnership first illustrates some behaviors, and then the whole partnership is analyzed. CONCLUSIONS Authors conclude that structural, functional and ethical asymmetry between both structures, as they are not of equal weight. Although they may be willing to work together and are complementary, this asymmetry produces a force-ratio absolutely unsuitable for project enhancement. Moreover, it pleads for aid localization and for local structures dedicated to development.localization and for local structures dedicated to humane development.OBJECTIVE The objective of this study was to identify factors associated with survival among prisoners at Mbuji-Mayi Central Prison, in Democratic Republic of Congo between January 2014 and December 2016. METHODS This is a retrospective cohort study. The mortality rate was calculated during the 3-year follow-up period and the Kaplan-Meier survival curve was determined. Cox regression and risk ratio (HR) were used to analyze and quantify factors associated with survival. The study involved a total of 793 inmates. RESULTS The average age of inmates was 33 ± 10 years (extremes 17-67 years). The median follow-up time was 12 months for a total of 7,513 person-months. The number of deaths recorded was 135, for a mortality rate of 17.9/1,000 person-months. Risk factors associated with death were malnutrition (HR = 17.5; 95% CI = [12.1; 25.4]) and tuberculosis (HR = 11.8; 95% CI = [7.7; 17.8]). CONCLUSION This study highlights a high rate of deaths in prisons and identifies the two potential factors (malnutrition and tuberculosis) that prison and health authorities need to address.The Center Val de Loire region is particularly affected by the shortage of health professionals. GSK’872 The demographics of dentists are not immune to this situation and the retirement of a practitioner has become a real public health issue. For this purpose, bridges were created between the faculties of odontology of Nantes, Clermont-Ferrand and the Faculty of Medicine of Tours, to welcome short cycle students in Center Val de Loire region, to create a link with the liberal practitioners and to allow the students to confront the health issues of this territory.INTRODUCTION This paper examines whether the development of general medicine as a specialty in France since the mid-2000s has had an impact on medical theses. It analyses the changes resulting from the discipline’s autonomatization process, involving an investment in some human and social science methods.Purpose of research In a diachronic approach, all dissertations defended in a general medicine department in 1999, 2007 and 2015 were analyzed (N = 291). We performed systematic coding of the types of methods used, the areas of research investigated, as well as the supervisors’ areas of specialization. We used this coded data to develop a typology of research topics (using a hierarchic classification method based on the coordinates of a principal component analysis). RESULTS Over the period under study, we observed a complexification of medical theses, which increasingly addressed multi-dimensional research topics. We also noted the emergence of new types of subjects, dealing with the exercise of the specialty and close to social science concerns (on the practices and dispositions of healthcare actors).