The validation procedure demonstrated a LOD an LOQ of 1 and 100 pg/mg, respectively and acceptable linearity, repeatability and reproducibility. The hair of the 9 patients tested positive in the low ng/mg range with concentrations ranging from 0.3 to 3.8 ng/mg. YD23 in vivo It seems obvious, in comparison with other drugs, that metformin is badly incorporated into hair, as the daily dosage varied from 1 to 3 g. Although limited in the number of subjects, the study allowed to postulate a possible correlation between daily dose and concentration in dark hair, while for light hair no correlation was found.Low-dimensional ns 2 -metal halide compounds have recently received immense attention for applications in solid-state lighting, optical thermometry and thermography, and scintillation. However, these are based primarily on the combination of organic cations with toxic Pb 2+ or unstable Sn 2+ , and a stable inorganic luminescent material has yet to be found. Herein we present the zero-dimensional Rb 7 Sb 3 Cl 16 phase, which is comprised of isolated [SbCl 6 ] 3- octahedra and edge-sharing [Sb 2 Cl 10 ] 4- dimers and demonstrates room-temperature photoluminescence (RT PL) centered at 560 nm with a quantum yield of 3.8±0.2% at 296 K (99.4% at 77 K). The temperature dependent PL lifetime of this material rivals that of previous low-dimensional materials with a specific temperature sensitivity above 0.06 K -1 at RT, showcasing it as an excellent thermometric material. Utilizing both density-functional theory (DFT) and chemical substitution with Bi 3+ in the Rb 7 Bi 3-3x Sb 3x Cl 16 (x≤1) family, we present the edge-shared [Sb 2 Cl 10 ] 4- dimer as a design principle for antimony-based luminescent materials discovery.Perovskite solar cells (PSCs) are a promising photovoltaic technology for stretchable applications because of their flexible, light-weight, and low-cost characteristics. However, the fragility of crystals and poor crystallinity of perovskite on stretchable substrates results in performance loss. In fact, grain boundary defects are the “Achilles’ heel” of optoelectronic and mechanical stability. We incorporate a self-healing polyurethane (s-PU) with dynamic oxime-carbamate bonds as a scaffold into the perovskite films, which simultaneously enhances crystallinity and passivates the grain boundary of the perovskite films. The stretchable PSCs with s-PU deliver a stabilized efficiency of 19.15 % with negligible hysteresis, which is comparable to the performance on rigid substrates. The PSCs can maintain over 90 % of their initial efficiency after 3000 hours in air because of their self-encapsulating structure. Importantly, the self-healing function of the s-PU scaffold was verified in situ. The s-PU can release mechanical stress and repair cracks at the grain boundary on multiple levels. The devices recover 88 % of their original efficiency after 1000 cycles at 20 % stretch. We believe that this ingenious growth strategy for crystalline semiconductors will facilitate development of flexible and stretchable electronics.Introduction American cranberries (Vaccinium macrocarpon) contain primarily A-type proanthocyanidins (PACs), which have been shown to prevent urinary tract infection. Currently, the accurate quantification of cranberry PACs is still lacking. Objective A normal-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (NP-HPLC) method using relative response factors was developed and validated to quantify cranberry PAC oligomers and polymers. Materials and methods PAC oligomers with degree of polymerisation (DP) 3-9 and total polymers were isolated from the cranberry juice concentrate. Characterisation of the isolated PAC oligomers was performed by ultra-performance liquid chromatography-high resolution mass spectrometry. The relative response factors of oligomers from DP 2-9 and total polymers were determined against procyanidin A2. Method validation was conducted to assess limit of detection, limit of quantification, the linearity and working range, precision and accuracy. In addition, quantifications of PACs by NP-HPLC using relative response factors and two other commonly used methods were conducted in three cranberry food products. Results Cranberries PACs oligomers contained both A-type and B-type linkage, with epicatechin and epigallocatechin as basic units. Method validation results suggested this method is reliable and reproducible. Quantifications of PACs by NP-HPLC using relative response factors yielded higher values than that by the other two methods. Conclusion A NP-HPLC method using the relative response factors was developed and validated. This method provides a more accurate approach in determining cranberry PACs. It can be used to quantify individual oligomers from DP 2-9, total polymers and total PACs in cranberries and cranberry products.Background and aims To establish novel therapies to combat diabetic kidney disease (DKD), a human disease-relevant animal model is essential. However, a type 2 diabetic mouse model presenting progressive kidney fibrosis has not yet been established. Kidneys of streptozotocin-induced diabetic CD-1 mice exhibited severe fibrosis compared to other backgrounds of mice associated with the suppression of antifibrotic peptide N-acetyl-seryl-aspartyl-lysyl-proline (AcSDKP). The BKS background (BKSdb/db ) is often utilized for DKD research; the kidney fibrosis in the BKSdb/db phenotype is minimal. Materials and methods We generated CD-1db/db mice by backcrossing the db gene into the CD-1 background and analyzed phenotypic differences compared to BKSdb/db and CD-1db/m mice. Results Male CD-1db/db appeared to have elevated blood glucose levels compared to those of BKS db/db . Fasting insulin levels declined in CD-1db/db mice. Plasma cystatin C levels trended to be elevated in CD-1db/db from 16 to 24 weeks of age. Male CD-1db/db displayed significantly progressive kidney and heart fibrosis from 16 to 24 weeks of age when compared to that of age-matched BKSdb/db . The gene expression profile indicated fibrogenic program-associated genes in male CD-1db/db . Male CD-1db/db displayed significantly lower urine AcSDKP when compared to that of BKS db/db at 24 weeks of age. The gene expression of proryl oligopeptidase, the enzyme essential for AcSDKP production from thymosin β4, was significantly lower in the CD-1 mice. Thymosin β4 levels were also lower in CD-1 mice. Conclusion These results suggest that CD-1db/db mice are a novel type 2 diabetic mouse model with progressive kidney and heart fibrosis.