CONCLUSION An algorithm to extract capillaries from skin images using ICA and the Frangi filter method was proposed. Results suggest that this algorithm can quantitatively analyze physiological changes in capillaries on the skin surface. © 2020 John Wiley & Sons A/S. Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.Müllerian mimicry is a classic example of adaptation, yet Müller’s original theory does not account for the diversity often observed in mimicry rings. Here, we aimed to assess how well classical Müllerian mimicry can account for the color polymorphism found in chemically defended Oreina leaf beetles by using field data and laboratory assays of predator behavior. We also evaluated the hypothesis that thermoregulation can explain diversity between Oreina mimicry rings. We found that frequencies of each color morph were positively correlated among species, a critical prediction of Müllerian mimicry. Predators learned to associate color with chemical defenses. Learned avoidance of the green morph of one species protected green morphs of another species. Avoidance of blue morphs was completely generalized to green morphs, but surprisingly, avoidance of green morphs was less generalized to blue morphs. This asymmetrical generalization should favor green morphs indeed, green morphs persist in blue communities, whereas blue morphs are entirely excluded from green communities. We did not find a correlation between elevation and coloration, rejecting thermoregulation as an explanation for diversity between mimicry rings. Biased predation could explain within-community diversity in warning coloration, providing a solution to a longstanding puzzle. We propose testable hypotheses for why asymmetric generalization occurs, and how predators maintain the predominance of blue morphs in a community, despite asymmetric generalization. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.Anoikis is a form of apoptosis where a cell loses contact with the extracellular matrix (ECM). Anoikis resistance is essential for metastasis formation, yet only detectable by in vitro experiments. We present a method for quantitation of putative anoikis-resistant (AR) subpopulations in colorectal carcinoma (CRC) and evaluate their prognostic significance. We studied 137 CRC cases and identified cell subpopulations with and without stromal or extracellular matrix (ECM) contact with hematoxylin and eosin stained sections and immunohistochemistry for laminin and type IV collagen. Suprabasal cells of micropapillary structures and inner cells of cribriform and solid structures lacked both stromal contact and contact with ECM proteins. Apoptosis rate (M30) was lower in these subpopulations than in the other carcinoma cells, consistent with putative AR subpopulation. We determined the areal density of these subpopulations (number/mm2 tumor tissue), and their high areal density independently indicates low cancer-specific survival. In conclusion, we show evidence that subpopulations of carcinoma cells in micropapillary, cribriform and solid structures are resistant to anoikis as shown by lack of ECM contact and low apoptosis rate. Abundance of these subpopulations is a new independent indicator of poor prognosis in CRC, consistent with the importance of anoikis resistance in the formation of metastasis. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.In areas of low tuberculosis (TB) prevalence, laboratory diagnosis of TB may essentially cover non-tuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) in addition to Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB). In this study, a semi-automated PCR workflow distinguishing MTB and NTM (AnyplexTM MTB/NTMe, Seegene) and subsequently detecting MTB isoniazid/rifampicin resistance (AllplexTM MTB/MDRe, Seegene) was evaluated for replacing smear microscopy of acid-fast bacilli as the rapid screening method for TB. With 279 clinical samples, 47 cultures positive for MTB and 76 for NTM, the AnyplexTM MTB/NTMe assay and smear microscopy showed equal sensitivities (49.6% vs. 50.8%, respectively) but AnyplexTM MTB/NTMe was more sensitive for MTB (63.8% vs. 25.6%) than for NTM (40.8% vs. 64.5%). AllplexTM MTB/MDRe showed a slightly higher sensitivity of 68.1% for MTB (32/47 positive, n=222). Antibiotic resistance profiles were correctly identified for all MTB isolates (one MDR isolate). Specificity was 100% for both assays. AnyplexTM MTB/NTMe detected all the 18 NTM species present in the study. The analytical performance of the evaluated high-throughput workflow was relatively weak compared to culture but potentially adequate as a rapid screening method analogous to smear microscopy with additional differentiation between TB, MDR-TB and NTM. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.OBJECTIVE To investigate oral health in randomly selected patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD). TDO inhibitor MATERIAL AND METHODS Data obtained by structured interview (self-reported lifestyle, oral symptoms, and regularity of dental visits) and oral examination of patients with CKD from the Copenhagen University Hospital. RESULTS Fourteen patients with CKD were screened. Only half of the patients reported regular dental visits and poor dental status was registered in half of the patients. Oral mucosal changes were registered in thirteen patients (93%). Eleven patients (79%) had gingival inflammatory disease. Twelve patients (86%) were carriers of Candida and three (21%) had oral candidosis. Six patients (43%) had low whole saliva flow rate. Twelve patients (86%) reported at least one oral symptom. Overall, there was no differences in oral symptoms or findings related to kidney transplanted or not transplanted patients. CONCLUSION The small sample size most likely influences the results. However, the vast majority of patients with CKD reported oral symptoms and only half consulted a dentist regularly. Poor dental status, oral mucosal changes, and gingival disease were prevalent findings. Patients with CKD need focus on daily oral healthcare and regular dental visits. Interdisciplinary cooperation could encourage patients with CKD to focus on oral health. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.