ts that the action of the compounds, administered in this new combination, could help in an effective management of symptoms of acute cystitis in women, without antibiotics, in a wide majority of the cases. Lack of microbiological assessment is a clear limitation of the study. Moreover, lack of a control group is another important limitation. Finally, hyperhydration could have been a confounding factor in interpretation of results.OBJECTIVE Obesity has been associated with an increased risk of kidney stone formation. The presence of obesity is due to an imbalance between energy intake and energy consumption resulting from physical activity and resting metabolic rate. The purpose of this meta-analysis was to assess the differences in dietary energy intake levels between patients developing urinary stones versus healthy individuals. MATERIALS AND METHODS Medline/PubMed and EMBASE databases search was performed using the terms “urolithiasis”, “kidney stones*”, “calcul*”, “energy”, “calor*”, “intake”, “food”, “kilojoule/kjoule”, “Kilocal*/kcal” from January 1st, 2000, and were assessed as up to date on September 30th, 2019. RESULTS After having screened 1.782 records, four studies were included in the meta-analysis. The total population was 467.063, including 453.078 healthy men and/or women and 13.985 men and/or women affected by nephrolithiasis. When energy intake data were pooled irrespective of the sex of participants, mean calory intake values were significantly higher in nephrolithiasis patients, compared to healthy individuals. The mean difference (MD) was 39.16 kcal (95% CI 18.53 to 59.78, p = 0.0002, random-effects model, inverse-variance weighing). The odds ratio for this comparison – calculated from the standardized mean difference – is significant (OR = 1.946; 95% CI 1.869 to 5.561). CONCLUSIONS Patients affected by urolithiasis show a significantly higher energy intake in various patient populations (USA, China and Korea) including subjects of both sexes. The relevance of this finding should be confirmed by studies in populations showing different and diverse dietary patterns, and by evaluating energy consumption linked to physical activity and metabolic rate in renal stone formers.BACKGROUND The aim of this longitudinal prospective study was to search if even in the absence of total or partial nephrectomy the kidney size can increase as the kidney function improves. METHODS We randomly enrolled 80 adult patients with various degrees of chronic renal failure but non-dialysis dependent neither totally or partially nephrectomized nor affected by any of the pathological conditions that can increase kidney size. The patients underwent a first examination comprehensive of a blood sample and renal ultrasonography and then were submitted to a therapeutic intervention aimed at removing all nephrotoxic agents to finally be subjected to a last similar medical examination. RESULTS The statistical analysis displayed a strong positive correlation between the percentage variation of the renal diameters’ average and the time changes of the GFR (r 0.731; p less then 0.01) as well as the percentage variation of the GFR and the time changes variations of the right (r 0.487; p less then 0.01) and left cortical kidney thickness (r 0.519; p less then 0.01) and finally a strong negative correlation between the removal of nephrotoxic agents and the percentage variation of the renal diameters’ average (r – 0.293; p less then 0.01) and the time changes of the GFR (r – 0.429; p less then 0.01). CONCLUSIONS In patients with chronic kidney disease, even in the absence of total or partial nephrectomy, under the stimulus of the removal of any nephrotoxic agents, there may be a limited increase in renal size according to a model that sees them vary according to the changes in GFR.INTRODUCTION Patients with localized prostate cancer (PCa) are active participants in the choice of treatment. OBJECTIVES To access the effects of social and demographic factors in the choice of treatment in cases of localized PCa, in a Portuguese population. METHODS Identification of all patients with the diagnosis of localized PCa in the last four years in an oncological centre. Evaluation of the effects of sociodemographic factors (age, profession, literacy, marital status, district and number of inhabitants of the place of residence) in the choice of treatment. RESULTS 300 patients with localized PCa were evaluated 17.3% (n = 52) opted for radical prostatectomy (RP); 39,3% had (n = 118) external radiotherapy; brachytherapy in 29.3% (n = 88) and other options (active surveillance, cryotherapy and hormonal therapy) in 14.1% (n = 42). In relation to surgical treatment (RP) the following results were obtained a) > 70 years 3.9% (n = 5); ≤ 70 years 27.5% (n = 47), p 4000 habitants 22.7% (n = 15); city ≤ 4000 habitants 16.9% (n = 24), p = 0.701. Using multinomial regression with age (p = 0.001), district (p = 0.035), marital status (p = 0.027) and profession (0.179), this model explained 17.2%-28.4% of therapeutic choices (p less then 0.001). CONCLUSIONS The main socioeconomical factor that influence treatment choice was age. Unmarried patients over 70 years choose less radical prostatectomy. Other sociodemographic factors have minor influence in the choice of the treatment.BACKGROUND Bladder cancer is the eleventh most commonly diagnosed cancer worldwide. The recurrence rate of this cancer can be very high, up to 45%. Photodynamic diagnosis (PDD) is more sensitive than standard procedures for the detection of malignant tumours. The aim of the study was to evaluate oncological outcomes in white light TURB (WL-TURB) and hexaminolevuninate blue light TURB (Hal-TURB). PATIENTS AND METHODS This was a retrospective longitudinal single-center study. In the period between January 2016 and October 2016 WL-TURB was the only therapeutic option available. Trastuzumab Emtansine inhibitor From November 2016 until April 2017 all TURBs were fluorescence-guided (Hal-TURB). Kaplan-Meier curves have been used to estimate recurrence free survival rates. RESULTS One hundred and eleven patients underwent Hal- TURB and 137 underwent WL-TURB. Recurrence rate after 12 months was 19.8% (22 out of 111 patients) and 37.2% (51 out of 137 patients) in HAL-group and WL-group respectively (p less then 0.01). The recurrence-free period was longer in HAL-group rather than WL-group (8.