5 h retained (R)-7a with over 99% ees and 43.2% yields. Furthermore, the sources of high regiocomplementarity of GmEH3 for (S)- and (R)-5a as well as high enantioselectivity towards rac-7a were analyzed via molecular docking (MD) simulation.To explore an effective enzyme combination instead of a common enzyme method, sequential α-amylase and glucoamylase, a method of sequential glycosyltransferase and branching enzyme was chosen to compare the macroscopic features, structure characteristics, porosity characteristics and adsorption quantity of potato, corn, wheat and sweet potato starches. The results indicated that after enzyme treatment, the relative crystallinity of potato, corn, wheat and sweet potato starches increased. ARN-509 supplier Moreover, amylose levels decreased, while pore size and volume, and specific surface area increased after sequential glycosyltransferase and branching enzyme. In terms of pore size, sequential α-amylase and glucoamylase produced abundant mesopores (2-50 nm), whereas sequential glycosyltransferase and branching enzyme developed much more macropores (>50 nm). The adsorption quantities of the starch obtained with sequential glycosyltransferase and branching enzyme were about 2 folds higher than that of the starch obtained with sequential α-amylase and glucoamylase. Therefore, the sequential glycosyltransferase and branching enzyme may be an ideal method to create porous starch as a desirable green adsorbent for industries.An active film was prepared by corn starch (CS), polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) and carvacrol nanoemulsions (CNE). The microstructure and properties of CNE/corn starch/PVA (CNE/CSP) films were characterized and investigated. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) revealed the uniform distribution of CNE and discontinuity of the film matrix. Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) and rheological analysis indicated that CNE could weaken molecular interaction of the film matrix. X-ray diffraction (XRD) show that the films are amorphous and CNE has no effect on crystal structure of the films. Incorporation of CNE significantly increased the tensile strength, Young’s modulus, elongation at break, barrier (water vapor and ultraviolet), antioxidant and antifungal activity. With the CNE incorporated, the optimal tensile strength, Young’s modulus, elongation at break and antioxidant activity of the films can reach 12 MPa, 11 MPa, 133%, 81%, respectively. Minimum water vapor permeability was 3.1 × 10-12 gd-1m-1Pa-1. Notably, films incorporated with CNE (≥20%) had good DPPH free radical scavenging ability (>50%) when stored up to 6 days. Films with 25% CNE exhibited excellent antifungal activity against Trichoderma sp. and its inhibitory zone was 47 mm. Overall, the CSP films loaded with CNE (>15%) could be used as food packing materials with good antioxidant and antimicrobial activities.We previously reported that treatment with chondroitin sulfate from sturgeon bone (CSSB) promoted anti-apoptotic activity in hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)-treated chondrocytes and had a protective effect on mitochondria. It is known that cells can repair damaged mitochondria through autophagy, thus inhibiting the development of apoptosis. Therefore, it is reasonable to speculate that CSSB treatment may inhibit chondrocyte apoptosis via regulation of autophagy. We observed the mitochondrial morphology of chondrocytes treated with different doses of CSSB, and confirmed that CSSB did not affect cell activity or cause damage to mitochondria. When compared with H2O2 treatment alone, CSSB treatment increased the clearance and repair of damaged mitochondria and promoted fusion of damaged mitochondria and lysosomes. CSSB treatment also increased the number of autolysosomes. However, these events could be blocked in chondrocytes pretreated with the autophagy inhibitor chloroquine, resulting in a decreased level of autophagy and increased apoptosis. These results suggest that CSSB treatment helps maintain intracellular homeostasis and prevent injury in chondrocytes treated with H2O2 by increasing autophagy.Herein, the dual-crosslinked chitosan aerogel was prepared using 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride, an ionic liquid, as a solvent. The hydroxyl groups were covalently crosslinked by epichlorohydrin (ECH), while the amino groups were ionically crosslinked by itaconic acid (IA). The chemical and ionic crosslinkings of the aerogels were analyzed using FT-IR and NMR. Both the types and the degree of crosslinking gave significant influences on the structures of the aerogels. The dual crosslinked aerogel with proper chemical crosslinking dose had the excellent swelling behavior. The prepared aerogel shows potential as a wound healing matrix, with low toxicity and antibacterial function.N-rich biochars were obtained via pyrolysis treatment of chitosan (a low-cost biopolymer from natural biomasses) at mild conditions (in the 284 °C-540 °C range), thus offering an energy efficient and low carbon footprint synthesis. These low surface area N-doped biochars were morphologically and physicochemically characterized, and tested as hosting material in lithium-sulfur (Li-S) batteries. Sulfur/biochars cathodes thus obtained showed good capacity retention and improved Coulombic efficiency compared to a standard N-rich high surface area carbon and multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNT) reference substrates. Such enhanced electrochemical properties are attributable to the better retention of Li polysulfides by means of the residual functionalities still present in the biochars, thus making the valorization of chitosan potentially appealing even in the industrial sector related to the development of energy storage devices.Biodegradation tests of chitosan (CH), polybutylene adipate terephthalate (PBAT) and high density polyethylene (HDPE) polymers were carried out using the standard OECD 301D guidelines. The results showed that the CH samples biodegraded faster than those of PBAT. Photographs registered exhibited the complete or partial disintegration of the samples, and a more opaque color was observed with the increase of biodegradation. FTIR analysis showed some changes in the intensity of the typical bands of the HDPE sample. The presence of P. nitroreducens bacteria was revealed on the PBAT sample surface by SEM studies. Additionally, a clear increase in elastic modulus (EM) and tensile strength (TS) values were observed in PBAT and HDPE samples on day 3, which decreased significantly at the end of the study. Furthermore, an increase in the crystallinity of the HDPE sample was observed on day 28.