Ecosystem health also is a concern, as the effects of toxicity may be far reaching and include consequences throughout the food web. Several gaps in knowledge were identified for anatoxin-a and saxitoxin, including triggers of production and release, environmental fate and degradation, primary and secondary exposure routes, diel variation, food web effects, effects of cyanotoxin mixtures, and sublethal health effects on individual organisms and populations. Despite the gaps, this critical review facilitates our current understanding of freshwater neurotoxins and thus can serve to “ guide future research on anatoxin-a, saxitoxin, and other cyanotoxins.Many countries have adopted portable emissions measurement system (PEMS) testing in their latest regulations to measure real-world vehicular emissions. However, its fleetwide implementation is severely limited by the high equipment costs and lengthy setup procedures, posing a need to develop more cost-effective, efficient emission measurement methods, such as mobile chasing tests. We conducted conjoint PEMS-chasing experiments for twelve heavy-duty diesel vehicles (HDDTs) to evaluate the accuracy of mobile measurement results. Two data processing approaches were integrated to automate the calculations of fuel consumption-based emission factors of nitrogen oxides (NOX). With a total of 245 plume chasing tests conducted, and then averaged by vehicle and road types, we found that the relative errors of vehicle-specific emission factors using an algorithm developed for this project were within approximately ±20% of the PEMS results for all tested vehicles. Stochastic simulations suggested reasonable results could be obtained using fewer chasing tests per vehicle (e.g., 71% for freeways and 94% for local road, equivalent to two chase tests per vehicle). This study improves the understanding of the accuracy of the mobile chasing method, and provides a practical approach for real-time emission measurements for future scaled-up mobile chasing studies.No tillage (NT) has been recommended as an essential conservation agriculture (CA) management in terms of water erosion control. However, the term of NT actually represents both NT and NT plus straw mulching (NTS) in a large amount of studies, which is out of the scope of its original meaning. Consequently, the mixed use of the two terms may cause biased estimate of the role of NT in erosion reduction. We aimed to distinguish actual roles of tillage reduction and residue retention in erosion control based on published data from field experiments of China. A database of paired experiments was compiled from 40 published literatures, with tillage practices including conventional tillage, reduced tillage, no tillage, and their combinations with residue retention. Variable-controlling approach was adopted to comprehensively identify the roles of tillage reduction and residue retention in runoff and soil loss reduction. Our results showed that residue retention caused significant decline of both water and sediment but the impacts of application duration of CA and soil types must be properly considered when adopting CA to reduce erosion.Future climate for the Mediterranean climatic region is expected to bring an increase in temperatures, decrease in the precipitation quantity and shifts in the seasonal precipitation pattern. Although the impacts of climate change on water resources have been relatively well explored for the Mediterranean climatic region, the specific consequences for reservoirs and, in particular, water availability and irrigation issues have been less studied. The objective of this work is two-fold (i) to assess the impacts of future climate changes on water resources availability, quality (focusing on phosphorus loads as this is the limiting nutrient for eutrophication) and irrigation needs for two multipurpose reservoirs in southern Portugal; (ii) to suggest climate change adaptation strategies, especially for the agricultural sector. To this end, the SWAT model was first calibrated against existing data on reservoir inflows as well as phosphorus loads. Then, SWAT was run with climate derived EURO-CORDEX models (RCA4/RACMer resources in this region.This work presents the optimization, validation, and verification of a miniaturized method for the determination of 360 environmental pollutants that are of toxicological concern for wildlife. The method implies a one-step QuEChERS-based extraction of 250 μl whole blood using acidified acetonitrile, followed by two complementary analyses by LC-MS/MS and GC-MS/MS. The optimized conditions allow the simultaneous determination of the major persistent organic pollutants, a wide range of plant protection products, rodenticides, pharmaceuticals, and a suite of metabolites that can be used as biomarkers of exposure. The method is very sensitive, and 95% of the pollutants can be detected at concentrations below 1.5 ng/ml. The method was applied to a series of 148 samples of nocturnal and diurnal wild raptors collected during field ecological studies in 2018 and 2019. Fifty-one different contaminants were found in these samples, with a median value of 7 contaminants per sample. RRx-001 Dehydrogenase inhibitor As expected, five of the six contaminants that were detected in >50% of the samples were persistent or semi-persistent organic pollutants. However, it is striking the high frequency of detection of some non-persistent pollutants, such as 2-phenylphenol, benalaxyl, metaflumizone, diphenylamine, brodifacoum or levamisole, indicating the penetration of these chemicals into the food chains. The toxicological significance of all these findings should be studied in depth in future research. However, the results clearly demonstrated that the approach developed provides reliable, simple, and rapid determination of a wide range of pollutants in wildlife and makes it very useful to obtain valuable data in biomonitoring studies with only small amounts of sample.Bioinformatics clustering application for mining of a large set of olive pollen aerobiological data to describe the daily distribution of Olea pollen concentration. The study was performed with hourly pollen concentrations measured during 8 years (2011-2018) in Extremadura (Spain). Olea pollen season by quartiles of the pollen integral in preseason (Q1 0%-25%), in-season (Q2 and Q3 25%-75%) and postseason (Q4 75%-100%). Days with pollen concentrations above 100 grains/m3 were clustered according to the daily distribution of the concentrations. The factors affecting the prevalence of the different clusters were analyzed distance to olive groves and the moment during the pollen season and the meteorology. During the season, the highest hourly concentrations during the day where between 1200 and 1400, while during the preseason the highest hourly concentrations were detected in the afternoon and evening hours. In the postseason the pollen concentrations were more homogeneously distributed during 9-16 h. The representation shows a well-defined hourly pattern during the season, but a more heterogeneous distribution during the preseason and postseason.