Photosystem I (PSI) is one of the two photosystems in photosynthesis, and generates reducing power required for carbon dioxide fixation. PSI exists as a reaction center core in cyanobacteria but is surrounded by light-harvesting antenna complexes (LHCI) to form PSI-LHCI supercomplexes in eukaryotic organisms. The structures of PSI core and PSI-LHCI have been reported from various organisms. We compare these structures and highlight the differences among different organisms. While the PSI core is more conserved, there are differences in its subunit composition and organization. Larger differences are found in the subunit composition, organization, and pigment binding in LHCI. All these changes can be explained in the framework of better adaptation to different light environment that each photosynthetic organism inhabits. The vexing difficulty in distinguishing glioma from normal tissues is a major obstacle to prognosis. In an attempt to solve this problem,we used a joint strategy that combined targeted-cancer stem cells nanoparticles with precise photoacoustic and fluorescence navigation. We showed that traditional magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) did not represent the true morphology of tumors. Targeted nanoparticles specifically accumulated in the tumor area. Glioma were precisely revealed at the cellular level. Tumors could be non-invasively detected through the intact skull by fluorescence molecular imaging (FMI) and photoacoustic tomography (PAT). Moreover, PAT can be used to excise deep gliomas. Histological correlation confirmed that FMI imaging accurately delineated scattered tumor cells. The combination of optical PAT and FMI navigation fulfilled the promise of precise visual imaging in glioma detection and resection. This detection method was deeper and more intuitive than the current intraoperative pathology. OBJECTIVE To compare the radiologic union rates between autogenous iliac crest bone graft (ICBG) and local bone graft in one- to three-level lumbar fusion. METHODS We reviewed 178 consecutive patients who underwent one- to three-level lumbar fusion surgery due to lumbar spinal stenosis. Fusion status of the anterior or posterior column was evaluated by plain radiographies obtained at 24 months postoperatively. If at least either the anterior or posterior column was fused, that segment was regarded as having achieved fusion and was termed “segment union”. The definition of “overall union” was achieving union of all segments in a single patient. RESULTS For each ICBG group and local bone graft group, fusion rate of the anterior and posterior column, and rate of the segments and overall union at postoperative 2 years were not different between the groups, regardless of surgery level. In the overall union rate according to the fusion level, ICBG group showed constant overall fusion rate according to the fusion level (i.e., 96.9%, 96.9%, and 93.1 % for one-, two-, and three-level fusion), but tended to decrease with increasing level in the local bone graft group (100%, 95.8%, and 85.7% for one-, two-, and three-level fusion, respectively) without statistically significant differences. CONCLUSIONS The union rate of three-level fusion was not inferior to those of one- or two-level fusion in both ICBG and local bone graft patients. Local bone graft could be regarded as an adequate option for not only one- or two-level lumbar fusion but also three-level lumbar fusion surgery. BACKGROUND Endovascular microcatheter adherence and retention is an uncommon complication during brain arterio-venous malformation (AVM) embolisation with glue or ethylene-vinyl alcohol co-polymer that has previously reported, although there are sparse reports of symptomatic complications thereafter. CASE DESCRIPTION We present a unique complication six-years post initial embolisation of a cerebral AVM. The patient presented with acute lower limb insufficiency with CT-angiogram revealing fragmentation of the microcatheter and associated popliteal aneurysm. The patient underwent an emergency grafting and removal of the retained fragment and recovered without deficit post operatively. CONCLUSIONS Fragmentation over retained microcatheters remains a concern that may be worth monitoring in the long term, although there are no recommendations for timing. OBJECTIVE To investigate the effect of partial facetectomy on lumbar stability using percutaneous endoscopy METHODS Five male adult volunteers with no history of lumbar disease participated in the study. Based on CT data, a three-dimensional model of the L3-S1 segment was created using the Mimics l5.0 and Ansys 13.0 software. The use of an 8.5-mm-diameter ring saw was simulated to cut through 5 different needle insertion points (IPs) commonly used in the clinic on the left-side facet joint (FJ) of L5 to perform facetectomy. The 1st to 3rd IPs were on the apex of the superior FJ, the midpoint of the ventral side of the superior FJ, and the lowest point of the ventral side of the superior FJ. The 4th and 5th IPs represented the positions of the 2nd and 3rd IPs (8.5 mm/2) after the radius of the ring saw was translated to the dorsal side of the superior FJ. Physiological load was applied to the human models. The pressure on the left and right FJ of the L5 vertebra, the pressure on the L4/5 intervertebral disc, and the range of motion (ROM) of the lumbar spine were recorded when normal flexion and extension, and lateral flexion and rotation of the lumbar spine model after facetectomy were simulated RESULTS Compared to the intact group, the 2nd IP, maximum pressure on the L4/5 intervertebral disc after facetectomy was not significantly different under any condition (P > 0.05). find more The maximum pressure on the left FJ of L5 demonstrated significant differences during right rotation of the lumbar spine (P0.05). CONCLUSIONS The 2nd IP exhibited minimal effect on lumbar spine biomechanics compared to all the other IPs during percutaneous transforaminal facetectomy. Thus, it can be considered as the most suitable IP for facetectomy. BACKGROUND Child sexual abuse prevention programs are offered in many schools globally, but research is scant on whether or not these programs actually decrease the rates of CSA among youth who participate in them. OBJECTIVE This study sought to determine if participation in a CSA prevention program (based on participant recall), in the US or another country, led to lower rates of self-reported past victimization among youth, affected disclosure and effects on sexual satisfaction. PARTICIPANTS AND SETTING One thousand five hundred and two students from an ethnically and racially diverse university in the southeast served as participants. METHODS Participants completed measures on line (Qualtrics). This included demographic information and participation in CSA prevention programs in schools, concepts that were covered, and recollections of sexual victimization. The second measure was a revised version of the sexual satisfaction scale (Derogatis Sexual Functioning Inventory). RESULTS Students who had not participated in a CSA prevention program were significantly more likely to be abused than those who did participate, regardless of the program or location (χ2 (1,1498) = 19.