05). The LPO level was elevated in the ciprofloxacin treatment groups throughout the study period (except Treatment II (1.5 μg/L) tenth day in kidney tissues). A series of histological anomalies were noticed in the gill, liver, and kidney tissues of the ciprofloxacin treated groups. Ciprofloxacin exposure caused a significant decrease of sodium, potassium, and chloride levels in the plasma of C. mrigala. A parallel among an imbalanced oxidative defense system, tissue structural changes, and alterations of plasma inorganic ions could be considered as a reliable biomarker for antibiotic toxicity study. This study could be a primary platform for further toxicity studies to understand the potential molecular impacts and adverse effects of ciprofloxacin on aquatic organisms.To understand Haeckel’s idea of recapitulation with modern evolutionary biology, one has to realize how evolutionarily conserved embryonic stages appear sequentially in developmental processes as chains of causality. Whether the idea of evolution was accepted or not, Haeckel and von Baer commonly saw an importance of a particularly conserved mid-embryonic stage in biphasic development of metazoans, the phylotype, that defines an animal phylum as the developmental source of a basic body plan. In an evolutionary context, the phylotypic stage was once understood by Haeckel to reflect the common ancestor of animal phyla, which went through hypermorphosis independently into various phyla. Recent comprehensive molecular studies, however, accumulated data to refute this idea. The conserved embryonic pattern does not reflect an ancestral adult morphology but appears to have arisen primarily as an embodiment of developmental constraints established through evolutionary processes. How the developmental burden results in a nested series of constraints will solve the recapitulative tendency of developmental programs.

To describe patient characteristics of dogs with septic shock, investigate markers of disease severity, and assess treatment impact on outcome.

Retrospective study.

Single center, university veterinary teaching intensive care unit.

Thirty-seven dogs with septic shock.

None.

Mean number of organ dysfunction was 3.24±1.0, and included cardiovascular (100%), respiratory (73%), hematologic (68%), renal (49%), and hepatic (32%) dysfunction. The gastrointestinal tract was the most common source of sepsis. Mean blood pressure prior to resuscitation was 50±8mm Hg. All dogs were given IV fluids before vasopressor therapy with a mean rate of 12.1±11.0mL/kg/h. All dogs were given antimicrobials, administered within a mean of 4.3±5.7hours after diagnosis. Dopamine or norepinephrine was administered IV, respectively in 51.3% and 37.8% of dogs, with a mean duration of hypotension of 2.6±3.0hours. Mortality rate was 81.1%. Survivors were more likely to have a feeding tube (P=0.007) and to have gastrointestinal sepsis (P=0.012), and less likely to have respiratory dysfunction (P<0.001). APPLE

scores (P=0.014) and time to antimicrobial therapy (P=0.047) were identified as predictors of mortality. Treatment bundles consisting of 7 interventions that may improve outcomes in people with septic shock were evaluated. Survivors received 4.1±1.3 interventions, whereas nonsurvivors received 2.4±1.4 (P=0.003).

Septic shock in dogs confers a guarded prognosis. Early antimicrobial therapy and the utilization of treatment bundles may increase survivability in dogs with septic shock. More research is warranted to investigate the impact of specific interventions on survival.

Septic shock in dogs confers a guarded prognosis. Early antimicrobial therapy and the utilization of treatment bundles may increase survivability in dogs with septic shock. More research is warranted to investigate the impact of specific interventions on survival.

Data on the prevalence of mental distress among adult eosinophilic esophagitis (EoE) patients are scarce. Also, a significant gap remains in the understanding of which determinants are related to significant psychological symptoms and whether distressed patients require and receive mental care.

Adult EoE patients were invited to complete standardized measures on anxiety/depressive symptoms (HADS) and general psychopathology (SCL-90-R). All scores were compared to general population norms. Socio-demographic and clinical factors were assessed.

In total, 147 adult EoE patients (61% males, age 43 (IQR 29-52) years were included (response rate 71%). No difference with general population values was found for total anxiety and depressive symptoms (7.8±6.6 vs. MAPK inhibitor 8.4±6.3; p=0.31). A total of 38/147(26%) patients reported high levels of anxiety and/or depressive symptoms (HADS-A≥8 35/147(24%) and HADS-D≥8 14/147(10%)), indicative of a possible psychiatric disorder. In a multivariate analysis, age between 18-35yearsnd treatment of these psychological symptoms in EoE practice seems essential.

In mice, Schwann cell (SC) progenitors give rise to autonomic ganglion cells and migrate into the gut to become enteric neurons. It is unknown whether SC progenitors have a similar fate in humans. In search of evidence for human SC-derived neurogenesis in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract, we studied the rectums from cadaveric controls and children with anorectal malformations (ARM).

We analyzed distal rectal tissue taken at autopsy from 10 children with normal GI tracts and resected rectal specimens in 48 cases of ARM. Of these specimens, 6 had neurons within the extrinsic rectal innervation. These were further investigated with immunohistochemistry for neuronal and SC/glial markers.

Perirectal tissue from control and ARM contained GLUT1-positive extrinsic nerves, many containing neurons. SC/glial markers (SOX10, CDH19, and PLP1) were expressed by glia in the enteric nervous system and perirectal nerves, while MPZ predominated only in glia of perirectal nerves, in both control and ARM. Neurons in perirectal nerves were 61% larger in ARM samples and co-expressed SOX10 (81%), PLP1 (73%), and CDH19 (56%). In ARM, cytoplasmic SOX10 was co-expressed with neuronal antigens in ~57% of submucosal and myenteric neurons, vs. ~3% in control. Furthermore, intrinsic gut neurons in ARM specimens co-expressed PLP1 (18%) and CDH19 (18%); however, neuronal co-expression of PLP1 and CDH19 was rarely (<2%) observed in controls.

Dual expression of glial and neuronal markers in rectal and perirectal neurons support a model of Schwann cell-derived neurogenesis in the innervation of the human GI tract.

Dual expression of glial and neuronal markers in rectal and perirectal neurons support a model of Schwann cell-derived neurogenesis in the innervation of the human GI tract.