Subsequently, using crystal violet staining, neuron necrosis was examined in the CA3 area of the hippocampus. Diabetic rats showed cognitive impairment following an increase in the number of necrotic cells in region CA3 of the hippocampal tissue. Also, diabetes increased serum levels of lipid peroxidation and decreased total antioxidant capacity in serum and hippocampal tissue. ET + M.ch treatment prevented the necrosis of neurons in the hippocampal tissue. Following positive changes in hippocampal tissue and serum antioxidant enzyme levels, an improvement was observed in the cognitive impairment of the diabetic rats receiving ET + M.ch. Therefore the results showed that treatment with ET + M.ch could ameliorate memory and inactive avoidance in diabetic rats. Hence, the use of ET + M.ch interventions is proposed as a new therapeutic perspective on the death of hippocampal neurons and cognitive deficit caused by diabetes.Stress is an adaptive response with repercussions on the human health. The dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) is thought to be involved in stress regulation by contributing to limit its biological and behavioral pejorative consequences. Here, to investigate the contribution of the DLPFC in stress response, we applied transcranial Direct Current Stimulation (tDCS) over the DLPFC during acute stress exposure in healthy participants. selleck chemicals We hypothesized that active tDCS compared to sham would impact top-down control of the DLPFC on goal-directed behavior and hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis activity. In a double-blind sham-controlled study, 30 healthy subjects were randomly allocated to receive either active (2 mA, n = 15) or sham tDCS (n = 15) with the anode over the left DLPFC and the cathode over the right DLFPC. During the 30-min stimulation period, participants faced an experimental acute stress paradigm. Changes in goal-directed behavior were measured with a decision-making task. HPA axis reactivity was assessed by repeated measures of salivary cortisol. Acute stress decreased appetite for immediate reward in the sham group (mean – 4.40%; p = 0.017) whereas no significant effect of stress was observed in the active group. During stress exposure, we observed a significant larger elevation of salivary cortisol (p = 0.045; Cohen’s d = 0.431) in the sham tDCS group (+179.8%; Standard error of the mean (SEM) = 20.6) than in the active group (+138.5%; SEM = 14.2). Stimulating the DLPFC using bifrontal tDCS may prevent stress-induced acute effects on both biological and behavioral outcomes.

Psychological consequences of the COVID-19 pandemic include pandemic triggered feelings of fear, uncertainty, and anxiety added to the effects of restricting the population’s activities in lockdown.

We aimed to study the effect of COVID-19 pandemic on sexual satisfaction of females and males in Egypt and to evaluate possible predictive factors.

Married men and females in Egypt were invited to respond to an online questionnaire. The questionnaire addressed medical history, socioeconomic status, sexual performance satisfaction before and during the lockdown in addition to validated Arabic questionnaires for depression, sexual function in males and females, and sexual satisfaction (Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7, Patient Health Questionnaire-9, Female Sexual Function Index, International Index of Erectile Function-5, Index of Sexual Satisfaction, respectively).

The main outcome measures were frequency of depression, anxiety, sexual dysfunction, and sexual satisfaction in males and females during COVID-19owever suffered more anxiety and depression and thereby greater risk of sexual function difficulties and sexual dissatisfaction. Intervention strategies in order to lessen the suffering of affected individuals particularly after the pandemic are recommended. Omar SS, Dawood W, Eid N, etal. Psychological and Sexual Health During the COVID-19 Pandemic in Egypt Are Women Suffering More. Sex Med 2021;9100295.

COVID-19 pandemic was associated with lower sexual satisfaction in both genders. Females however suffered more anxiety and depression and thereby greater risk of sexual function difficulties and sexual dissatisfaction. Intervention strategies in order to lessen the suffering of affected individuals particularly after the pandemic are recommended. Omar SS, Dawood W, Eid N, et al. Psychological and Sexual Health During the COVID-19 Pandemic in Egypt Are Women Suffering More. Sex Med 2021;9100295.O-GlcNAcylation is an enzymatic post-translational modification occurring in hundreds of protein substrates. This modification occurs through the addition of the monosaccharide N-acetylglucosamine to serine and threonine residues on intracellular proteins in the cytosol, nucleus, and mitochondria. As a highly dynamic form of modification, changes in O-GlcNAc levels coincide with alterations in metabolic state, the presence of stressors, and cellular health. At the protein level, the consequences of the sugar modification can vary, thus necessitating biochemical investigations on protein-specific and site-specific effects. To this end, enzymatic and chemical methods to ‘encode’ the modification have been developed and the utilization of these synthetic glycopeptides and glycoproteins has since been instrumental in the discovery of the mechanisms by which O-GlcNAcylation can affect a diverse array of biological processes.The analysis of the bacterial glycome (glycomics) is among the complex ‘omics’ analysis owing to the inherent difficulties in structural and functional characterization of glycans. The complexity and variability of bacterial glycans, spanning from simple carbohydrates to complex glycolipids, glycopeptides and glycoproteins, make their study a challenging research area. The last two decades have witnessed tremendous advances and development of highly sophisticated methods, in combination with optimized protocols and hyphenate techniques for the understanding of structure, conformations, dynamics and organization of microbial glycans. We here present an overview of the novel approaches that have massively improved our understanding of the carbohydrate-based world of bacteria.