How does memory for the public past differ from memory for the personal past? Across five experiments (N = 457), we found that memories of the personal past were characterised by a positivity bias, whereas memories of the public past were characterised by a negativity bias. This valence-based dissociation emerged regardless of how far back participants recounted the personal and public past, whether or not participants were asked to think about significant events, how much time participants were given to retrieve relevant personal and public memories, and also generalised across various demographic categories, including gender, age, and political affiliation. Along with recent work demonstrating a similar dissociation in the context of future thinking, our findings suggest that personal and public event cognition fundamentally differ in terms of access to emotionally salient events. Direct comparisons between personal and public event memory should represent a fruitful avenue for research on event cognition.Background We previously invented a new technique to measure the cross-sectional area of soft tissue of a limb (ΔCSA) with lymphedema using ultrasonography. The measurement correlated strongly with both circumference and volumetry in normal subjects. The purpose of this study was to measure the reliability and accuracy of the method in patients with lymphedema. Methods and Results Ultrasonography was performed on both arms of 69 female patients diagnosed with stage ≥1 lymphedema related to advanced breast cancer. At 10 cm above elbow (AE) and below elbow (BE), soft-tissue thicknesses at various locations were measured by two examiners. Subcutaneous tissue stiffness was also obtained by measuring thickness differences of soft tissue when applying minimal and maximal pressure to the skin (compliance) and its ratio to the initial thickness (compliance ratio). ΔCSA showed a strong positive correlation with circumference (r = 0.758 to 0.951), and a moderate negative correlation with Z at 5 Hz (r = -0.326 to -0.486). Intra- and interclass coefficients of all ultrasonography measurements were moderate to excellent (0.623-0.990). Compliance measured at 10 cm BE on the lesion side was significantly higher than on the normal side (p  less then  0.001), and compliance measured at 10 cm AE showed no difference between the two sides (p = 0.653). Conversely, compliance ratios measured at 10 cm AE and BE on the lesion side were significantly lower than on the normal side (p  less then  0.001). Conclusion Thus, ΔCSA using ultrasonography could be a particularly viable option for determining status in lymphedema patients.The incidence of fungal infections has increased continuously in recent years. Caspofungin (CAS) is one of the first-line drugs for the treatment of systemic fungal infection. However, the emerging CAS-resistant clinical isolates and high economic cost for CAS administration hamper the wide application of this drug. Thus, the combined administration of CAS with other compounds that can enhance the antifungal activity and reduce the dose of CAS has gained more and more attention. In this study, we investigated the effect of mangiferin (MG) on the antifungal activities of CAS. Our results showed that MG acted synergistically with CAS against various Candida spp., including CAS-resistant C. albicans. Moreover, MG could enhance the activity of CAS against biofilm. The in vivo synergism of MG and CAS was further confirmed in a mouse model of disseminated candidiasis. To explore the mechanisms, we found that SPE1-mediated polyamine biosynthesis pathway was involved in the fungal cell stress to caspofungin. Treatment of CAS alone could stimulate SPE1 expression and accumulation of polyamines, while combined treatment of MG and CAS inhibited SPE1 expression and destroyed polyamine accumulation, which might contribute to increased oxidative damage and cell death. These results provided a promising strategy for high efficient antifungal therapies and revealed novel mechanisms for CAS resistance.Cancer as the leading cause of death worldwide has many issues that still need to be addressed. Since the alterations on the glycan compositions or/and structures (i.e., glycosylation, sialylation, and fucosylation) are common features of tumorigenesis, glycomics becomes an emerging field examining the structure and function of glycans. In the past, cancer studies heavily relied on genomics and transcriptomics with relatively little exploration of the glycan alterations and glycoprotein biomarkers among individuals and populations. Since glycosylation of proteins increases their structural complexity by several orders of magnitude, glycome studies resulted in highly dynamic biomarkers that can be evaluated for cancer diagnosis, prognosis, and therapy. Glycome not only integrates our genetic background with past and present environmental factors but also offers a promise of more efficient patient stratification compared with genetic variations. Therefore, studying glycans holds great potential for better diagnostic markers as well as developing more efficient treatment strategies in human cancers. While recent developments in glycomics and associated technologies now offer new possibilities to achieve a high-throughput profiling of glycan diversity, we aim to give an overview of the current status of glycan research and the potential applications of the glycans in the scope of the personalized medicine strategies for cancer.Background Intimate partner violence and differential power dynamics are associated with contraceptive behaviors. This study examines the role of reproductive coercion (RC) by an intimate partner in women’s decisions about contraceptive use. Materials and Methods A self-report survey was administered to a probability sample of a diverse group of women of reproductive age in Delaware’s Title X health care facilities. Currently used contraceptive methods were categorized into three effectiveness levels based on typical use failure rates no method or low effectiveness (>10% failure), moderate effectiveness (>1% and less then 10% failure), and high effectiveness ( less then 1% failure). The short-form RC scale was used to categorize RC experiences no RC, verbal only, or behavioral. Epigenetic inhibitor mw We conducted multinomial logistic regression to examine the association between types of RC and effectiveness level of current contraceptive method, taking our sampling design into account and adjusting for covariates. Results Among 240 women (weighted n = 6529) included in the sample, 13.