However, a prolonged release time of 10 h was achieved using a cross-linker (EDC).The retrogradation of starch occurs in the process of freezing storage of par-baked baguette, resulting in easy staling and a decrease of consumer acceptance. The objective of this study was to assess whether the staling of par-baked baguette could be improved by the addition of Arabic gum (AG), Sodium alginate (SA), and Sesbania gum (SG). The physical, thermal dynamic, and microstructure properties of par-baked baguette during frozen storage were analyzed. The addition of hydrocolloid increased the moisture of the baguette and delayed the water migration, which was beneficial to improve the dough formation and gas capacity, hinder the growth of ice crystals, and reduce the hardness of the baguette. These properties were more pronounced with increasing freezing storage periods. These hydrocolloids could slow down the rate of recrystallization, which reduced the enthalpy change and crystallinity of par-baked baguette. It was also found that the hydrocolloids incorporated baguette was smooth in the crumb microstructure. In general, these results suggested that the incorporation of hydrocolloids improved the quality and anti-staling mechanism of the par-baked baguette during frozen storage which can be used as potential improvers to increase freezing stability in the formulation of the baguette.The brown planthopper (BPH, Nilaparvata lugens) and striped stem borer (SSB, Chilo suppressalis) are two of the most devastating insect pests in rice, causing significant losses of rice yield. Plants evolve multiple defense responses in the process of coexisting with pests. According to different pest infestation, the plants selectively activate related pathways and downstream gene expression. However, there are very few reports of differences in defense signaling pathways after rice was attacked by BPH or SSB. We determined the transcriptional responses of rice infested with BPH and SSB for 3 and 6 h using Illumina sequencing. By comparing the difference in gene changes caused by BPH and SSB infestation in rice, multiple signal pathways and gene expression patterns, including phytohormones, secondary metabolites, plant-pathogen interaction, reactive oxygen species, defense response, transcription factors, protease inhibitor and chitinase were found significantly different. Our results provide a basis for further exploring the molecular mechanism of rice defense response caused by BPH and SSB infestation, which will add to further understanding the interactions between plants and insects, and could provide valuable resources that could be applied in insect-resistant crop breeding.

Traditional Persian medicine manuscripts refer to plants such as Commiphora myrrha (Nees) Engl. (myrrh) and Boswellia carteri Birdw. (frankincense), which could be used to improve wound healing process. selleck kinase inhibitor Since that time, local midwives in Iran continue to provide these herbs to precipitate episiotomy wound healing.

To investigate the efficacy and safety of myrrh- and frankincense-based sitz-baths on episiotomy wound healing in primiparous women.

This randomized controlled trial was conducted on 90 primiparous women with singleton pregnancies after normal vaginal delivery at Hafez hospital affiliated to Shiraz University of Medical Sciences from July to October 2019. Study participants were randomly allocated in three groups (2 intervention groups and 1 control group). Women in intervention groups were assigned to receive either 10-min sitz-bath of myrrh extract or frankincense extract twice a day for 1 week. While the women in control group received the betadine sitz-bath for the same period of time. The main outcome was the episiotomy wound healing, which was measured using the REEDA scale before intervention, on 2nd and 7th postpartum days.

An improvement in the episiotomy wound healing was significantly greater in patients receiving myrrh than those receiving the frankincense or betadine on 2nd (p=0.003 and p<0.001) and 7th (p=0.043 and p=0.015) postpartum days. However, the total REEDA score was not statistically different between the frankincense and betadine groups on 2nd and 7th postpartum days (p>0.05).

The present results suggest that myrrh was more efficient than frankincense and betadine in healing of the episiotomy wound and could be recommended as a safe natural therapy.

The present results suggest that myrrh was more efficient than frankincense and betadine in healing of the episiotomy wound and could be recommended as a safe natural therapy.

Chiang-Da, Gymnema inodorum (Lour.) Decne. (GI), is an ethnomedicinal plant that has been used for diabetic treatment since ancient times. One of the anti-diabetic mechanisms is possibly related to the actions of triterpene glycoside, (3β, 16β)-16,28-dihydroxyolean-12-en-3-yl-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl-β-D-glucopyranosiduronic acid (GIA1) in decreasing carbohydrate digestive enzymes and intestinal glucose absorption in the gut system.

To observe the amount of GIA1 in GI leaf extracts obtained from different ethanol concentrations and to investigate the anti-hyperglycemic mechanisms of the extracts and GIA1.

The crude extracts were prepared using 50%v/v to 95%v/v ethanol solutions and used for GIA1 isolation. The anti-hyperglycemic models included in our study examined the inhibitory activities of α-amylase/α-glucosidase and intestinal glucose absorption related to sodium glucose cotransporter type 1 (SGLT1) using Caco-2cells.

GIA1 was found about 8%w/w to 18%w/w in the GI extract depending on ethanol concentrations. The GI extracts and GIA1 showed less inhibitory activities on α-amylase. The extracts from 75%v/v and 95%v/v ethanol and GIA1 significantly delayed the glycemic absorption by lowering α-glucosidase activity and glucose transportation of SGLT1. However, the 50%v/v ethanolic extract markedly decreased the α-glucosidase activity than the SGLT1 function.

Differences in the GIA1 contents and anti-glycemic properties of the GI leaf extract was dependent on ethanol concentrations. Furthermore, the inhibitory effects of the 75%v/v and 95%v/v ethanolic extracts on α-glucosidase and SGLT1 were relevant to GIA1 content.

Differences in the GIA1 contents and anti-glycemic properties of the GI leaf extract was dependent on ethanol concentrations. Furthermore, the inhibitory effects of the 75%v/v and 95%v/v ethanolic extracts on α-glucosidase and SGLT1 were relevant to GIA1 content.