uncertain. Future large-scale, high-quality studies are warranted, which investigate major clinical outcomes such as COPD exacerbation rate, serious adverse events and quality of life.

Evidence identified by this review is insufficient to determine whether treatment with PPIs is a potential option for COPD. The sample size of the included trial is small, and the evidence is low to very low-certainty. The efficacy and safety profile of PPIs for people with COPD remains uncertain. Future large-scale, high-quality studies are warranted, which investigate major clinical outcomes such as COPD exacerbation rate, serious adverse events and quality of life.Second harmonic generation (SHG) microscopy is expected to be a powerful tool for observing the cellular-level functionality and morphology information of thick tissue owe to its unique imaging properties. However, the maximum attainable resolution obtainable by SHG microscopy is limited by the use of long-wavelength, near-infrared excitation. In this paper, we report the use of pixel reassignment to improve the spatial resolution of SHG microscopy. The SHG signal is imaged onto a position-sensitive camera, instead of a point detector typically used in conventional SHG microscope. The data processing is performed through pixel reassignment and subsequent deblurring operation. We present the basic principle and a rigorous theoretical model for SHG microscopy using pixel reassignment (SHG-PR). And for the first time, the optimal reassignment factor for SHG-PR is derived based on the coherent characteristics and the dependence of wavelength in SHG microscopy. To evaluate the spatial resolution improvement, imageulation result shows the clear improvement of the image resolution and contrast in the SHG-PR after deblurring operation. The FWHM value of single microtubule shows that SHG-PR enables a spatial resolution enhancement by a factor of 1.5, compared to conventional SHG microscopy. After a proper deblurring operation, this method allows for a total spatial resolution enhancement of about 1.87. The improvements of spatial resolution and contrast are still valid for raw data with noise. It is expected that this method can contribute towards new insights in unstained tissue morphology, interaction of cells, and diseases diagnosis.The ability to make inferences about what one’s peers know is critical for social interaction and communication. Three experiments (n = 309) examined the curse of knowledge, the tendency to be biased by one’s knowledge when reasoning about others’ knowledge, in children’s estimates of their peers’ knowledge. Four- to 7-year-olds were taught the answers to factual questions and estimated how many peers would know the answers. When children learned familiar answers, they showed a curse of knowledge in their peer estimates. But, when children learned unfamiliar answers to the same questions, they did not show a curse of knowledge. These data shed light on the mechanisms underlying perspective taking, supporting a fluency misattribution account of the curse of knowledge.Up-to-date imaging approaches were used to address the spatiotemporal organisation of the endomembrane system in secretory cells of Dionaea muscipula. Different ‘slice and view’ methodologies were performed on resin-embedded samples to finally achieve a 3D reconstruction of the cell architecture, using ultrastructural tomography, array tomography, serial block face-scanning electron microscopy (SBF-SEM), correlation, and volume rendering at the light microscopy level. Observations of cryo-fixed samples by high-pressure freezing revealed changes of the endomembrane system that occur after trap activation and prey digestion. They provide evidence for an original strategy that adapts the secretory machinery to a specific and unique case of stimulated exocytosis in plant cells. A first secretion peak is part of a rapid response to deliver digestive fluids to the cell surface, which delivers the needed stock of digestive materials ‘on site’. The second peak of activity could then be associated with the reconstruction of the Golgi apparatus (GA), endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and vacuolar machinery, in order to prepare for a subsequent round of prey capture. Tubular continuum between ER and Golgi stacks observed on ZIO-impregnated tissues may correspond to an efficient transfer mechanism for lipids and/or proteins, especially for use in rapidly resetting the molecular GA machinery. The occurrence of one vacuolar continuum may permit continuous adjustment of cell homeostasy. The subcellular features of the secretory cells of Dionaea muscipula outline key innovations in the organisation of plant cell compartmentalisation that are used to cope with specific cell needs such as the full use of the GA as a protein factory, and the ability to create protein reservoirs in the periplasmic space. Shape-derived forces of the pleiomorphic vacuole may act as signals to accompany the sorting and entering flows of the cell.Olive fruits and leaves are recognized to have great potential as natural sources of antioxidants. The major phenolic antioxidant component in these plant tissues is oleuropein. The antioxidant activity of olive fruits and leaves was evaluated in this study using multiple free-radical scavenging (MULTIS) methods, wherein we determined the scavenging abilities of different extracts against five reactive oxygen species (ROS; HO·, O2- ·, RO·, t-BuOO·, and 1 O2 ). Raw olive fruits taste bitter and are inedible without undergoing a debittering treatment. Following the NaOH-debittering process, the radical scavenging activity of olives decreased by 90%. The MULTIS measurements indicated that oleuropein and hydroxytyrosol are responsible for the radical scavenging activity of olive fruits. Furthermore, we evaluated the radical scavenging profiles of olive leaf extracts against five ROS and found significant seasonal variations in their antioxidant activities. selleck chemicals Leaves picked in August possessed greater radical scavenging abilities (180% to 410% for different ROS) than those picked in the cold season (December and February). In roasted olive leaves, we found marked increases (230% to 300% and 180% to 220%) in the antioxidant activities of Maillard reaction products against RO· and t-BuOO·, respectively. This study presented a useful comparative analysis of the antioxidant capacities of food against various types of ROS. PRACTICAL APPLICATION In this study, we evaluated the natural antioxidant activity of olive fruits and leaves against five reactive oxygen species (ROS). We found characteristic differences in the antioxidant profiles of different olive tissues, which varied after different treatments (debittering [fruit], drying [leaf], and roasting [leaf]). Comparative studies of the antioxidant capacities of foods against various ROS are useful to improve the functionality of food products.