Conditions that would prompt a switch from PVA to an alternate method of venous access include loss of venous access, patient preference, or development of a requirement for very frequent treatment over a long period of time. CONCLUSIONS While PVA is not suitable for all patients requiring TPE, it has significant safety advantages over other approaches and should be employed whenever possible. © 2020 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.PURPOSE To construct longitudinal fetal reference ranges for global longitudinal myocardial deformation (strain and strain rate) of the left and right ventricles in the second half of pregnancy. METHODS A prospective, observational, longitudinal study of 120 women with uncomplicated singleton pregnancies. The participants underwent ultrasonographic scans every 4 weeks from enrolment (18-28 weeks) until delivery. Strain and strain rate were measured at each examination using velocity vector imaging. Changes in strain and strain rate as functions of gestational age (GA) were modeled using Bayesian mixed effects models. RESULTS A total of 406 assessments of global longitudinal strain and strain rate were performed for 120 women. Global longitudinal strain and strain rate decreased with increasing GA in the left ventricle. There was, however, no change in strain measurements of the right ventricle over the same gestational time frame. Posterior predictive distributions were used to derive reference centiles for each week of GA. CONCLUSION Assessment of myocardial deformation of the fetal heart is easily performed and may be useful for quantitative assessment of heart function, particularly in fetuses at risk of cardiac dysfunction. © 2020 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.”Monogamy” and pair bonding have long been of interest to anthropologists and primatologists. Their study contributes to our knowledge of human evolutionary biology and social evolution without the cultural trappings associated with studying human societies directly. Here, we first provide an overview of theoretical considerations, followed by an evaluation of recent comparative studies of the evolution of “social monogamy”; we are left with serious doubts about the conclusions of these studies that stem from the often poor quality of the data used and an overreliance on secondary sources without vetting the data therein. We then describe our field research program on four “monogamous” platyrrhines (owl monkeys, titis, sakis, and tamarins), evaluate how well our data support various hypotheses proposed to explain “monogamy,” and compare our data to those reported on the same genera in comparative studies. Overall, we found a distressing lack of agreement between the data used in comparative studies and data from the literature for the taxa that we work with. In the final section, we propose areas of research that deserve more attention. We stress the need for more high-quality natural history data, and we urge researchers to be cautious about the uncritical use of variables of uncertain internal validity. Overall, it is imperative that biological anthropologists establish and follow clear criteria for comparing and combining results from published studies and that researchers, reviewers, and editors alike comply with these standards to improve the transparency, reproducibility, and interpretability of causal inferences made in comparative studies. © 2020 American Association of Physical Anthropologists.The Neurovisceral Integration Model (NIM) is one of the most influential psychophysiological models addressing the interplay between the autonomic (ANS) and central nervous system (CNS). In their groundbreaking conceptual work, integrating autonomic, attentional, and affective systems into a functional and structural network, Thayer & Lane laid the foundation for empirical research in the past two decades. BI-3812 The present paper provides a principal outline aiming to reflect and further elaborate on the model from a dynamic developmental perspective. The central question at hand is, how does neurovisceral integration develop (early in life)? By reviewing the existing evidence, it is illustrated that key components of the model, both, on a physiological and psychological level, undergo extensive change early in the course of life. This sensitive period of human development seems key for our understanding of the integrated action of the ANS and CNS in emotion across the lifespan. Early life events may interfere with the fine-tuned interplay of this shared neural circuitry resulting in long-term dysfunction and psychiatric illness. In the absence of longitudinal data covering the entire co-development of the ANS and CNS from early childhood to adolescence into early adulthood, it is suggested, that vagal activity and its normative increase in adolescence is a key premise for normative brain development on a structural and functional level, subsequent psychological functioning and adaptive regulation. Implications from this dynamic perspective and suggestions for future research in the field of developmental psychophysiology are discussed. © 2020 The Authors. Psychophysiology published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of Society for Psychophysiological Research.OBJECTIVES We aimed to determine the correlation between fibrosis and elastic values in papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) by shear wave elastography and to evaluate the effect of platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) on the fibrosis process. METHODS Small interfering RNA (siRNA)-PDGF and normal BCPAP cell lines were injected subcutaneously into the backs of nude mice. The elastic values of all tumors were measured by shear wave elastography. The content of collagen fibers and the expression of PDGF and type IV collagen (COL4) were evaluated by Masson staining and western blotting. RESULTS There were 32 tumors in the control group and 30 tumors in the siRNA-PDGF group. The tumors were divided into 4 subgroups based on maximum diameters of the tumors. The mean elastic values ± SD (Emean , 29.79 ± 11.04 kPa; Emin , 16.98 ± 7.51 kPa, Emax , 39.99 ± 15.30 kPa; and SD, 5.92 ± 2.00 kPa) in the siRNA-PDGF group were lower than in the control group (Emean , 35.73 ± 18.49 kPa; Emin , 23.65 ± 14.92 kPa, Emax , 45.73 ± 22.