Concerning model parameters, a higher τA1 (time constant for growth) value was found (p = 0.0047; d = 1.4; 95% CI [0.4;1.9]) in males compared to females with Exp-model, suggesting that females have a faster adaptative response to training loads. Thus, according to this study, Exp-model may better describe training adaptations in elite ST athletes than Imp-Model.

Early disease detection is a prerequisite for early intervention. Urine is not subjected to homeostatic control, and therefore, it accumulates very early changes associated with disease processes, some of which may be used as biomarkers. Animal models must be used to identify urinary changes associated with very early stages of diseases to avoid potential interfering factors and obtain urine samples at a sufficiently early time point before pathological or clinical manifestations occur.

We reviewed recent (from 2009-2020) urine proteome studies using animal models of many diseases. We focused on early changes in urine proteome of animal models, particularly changes occurring prior to alterations in blood tests, light microscopy observations and clinical manifestations. Additional studies relevant to the topic were also extracted from the references of the cited papers. Changes in the urine proteome at different disease stages and the ability of the urine proteome to differentiate among different animal models are also discussed in this review.

Urine proteomes of animal models may reflect early changes that occur even before changes in blood parameters, light microscopy observations and clinical manifestations, suggesting the potential use of urinary biomarkers for the very early detection of human diseases.

Urine proteomes of animal models may reflect early changes that occur even before changes in blood parameters, light microscopy observations and clinical manifestations, suggesting the potential use of urinary biomarkers for the very early detection of human diseases.

To investigate fetal epicardial fat thickness (EFT) value in fetal growth restriction (FGR) and its relationship with clinical parameters, fetal modified myocardial index (Mod-MPI), and the Doppler parameters.

Eighty-five pregnant women, with 30 diagnosed with FGR and 55 healthy pregnant women as control group participated in this prospective case-control study. FGR group was divided into 2 subgroups as early (

 = 9) and late FGR (

 = 21) groups. Demographic data were taken from the medical records. Amnion fluid value, fetal biometric measurements, and Doppler parameters were obtained. Fetal EFT and fetal Mod-MPI were measured by using the echocardiographic methods. Immunology inhibitor The correlation tests were performed to assess the association between EFT and clinical and ultrasonographic parameters.

 < .05 was interpreted as statistically significant.

EFT value was found statistically lower in the early and late FGR groups than the control group (

= .003). Higher umbilical artery pulsatility index (PI) and lorement of EFT may contribute to predicting the diagnosis of FGR. Moreover, lower EFT values can be related to the severity of FGR. Future randomized control studies are needed to understand the effects and pathways of fetal EFT on fetal cardiac function.

Anomalous self-experiences (ASEs) are disturbances in the subjective experience of the self and are common in people with schizophrenia. Theorists have suggested that ASEs may underlie the neurocognitive deficits that are also common in people with schizophrenia; however, few studies have empirically investigated the relationship between these variables. Thus, the current study aimed to determine whether self-reported ASEs, particularly disturbances in cognitive or mental experiences, are meaningfully related to neurocognitive performance in individuals with schizophrenia.

48 individuals with schizophrenia and 34 healthy comparison participants completed the Inventory of Psychotic-Like Anomalous Experiences (IPASE), which is composed of five subscales including disturbances in cognition, and the MATRICS Consensus Cognitive Battery (MCCB).

Participants with schizophrenia performed worse than controls on each MCCB domain and had higher ASE scores on the total IPASE and all five subscales. Only the IPASE-Cognition subscale was associated with cognitive performance. Specifically, IPASE-Cognition was negatively correlated with scores in attention, visual learning, reasoning, and working memory.

These results suggest that self-reported subjective disturbances in cognition may be meaningfully associated with several objectively-measured domains of neurocognition. Severity of ASEs may therefore be an important consideration when analysing the extent of cognitive deficits in schizophrenia.

These results suggest that self-reported subjective disturbances in cognition may be meaningfully associated with several objectively-measured domains of neurocognition. Severity of ASEs may therefore be an important consideration when analysing the extent of cognitive deficits in schizophrenia.Background The immunogenicity against hepatitis B vaccine is unsatisfactory in the chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients, and studies evaluating augmented vaccine regimens to enhance immunogenicity have been inconclusive.Objectives To evaluate the immunogenicity and safety of four-standard-dose and four-triple-dose regimens hepatitis B vaccine among CKD patients in China.Research design and methods We conducted a multicenter, randomized, parallel-controlled trial including 273 patients with CKD who were randomly allocated to receive 3 or 4 doses of 20 or 60 µg of recombinant hepatitis B vaccine.Main outcome measures Seroconversion rates, high-level response rates, and geometric mean concentrations (GMCs) of anti-HBs at months 3 and 7.Results The seroconversion rates and high-level responses in the IM20 × 4 group and the IM60 × 4 group were higher than those in the IM20 × 3 group at months 3 and 7 (P 0.05).Conclusions Both the four-standard-dose and four-triple-dose regimens improved immune response compared to the three-standard-dose regimen of hepatitis B vaccination in CKD patients, and the additional effect of higher dose was minimal.Trial registration The trial is registered at ClinicalTrials.gov (CT.gov identifier NCT03962881).