01, 3.66) were observed in adolescents who acknowledged engagement in self-injurious behavior versus those who did not. Links between self-injurious behaviors and more permissive gambling attitudes and perceptions and at-risk/problem gambling suggest the need for improved interventions targeting co-occurring self-injurious behaviors and gambling. Stronger relationships between problem-gambling severity and casino and non-strategic gambling among adolescents with self-injurious behaviors suggest adolescents with self-injurious behavior may engage in specific forms of gambling as maladaptive coping strategies to alleviate suffering. Prevention and treatment approaches targeting distress management and improving adaptive coping skills may be important for targeting self-injurious behaviors in adolescents with at-risk/problem gambling. Recent advances in neuroscience and immunology have shown that cholinergic signals are vital in the regulation of inflammation and immunity. Choline acetyltransferase+ (ChAT+) lymphocytes have the capacity to biosynthesize and release acetylcholine, the cognate ligand for cholinergic receptors. Acetylcholine-producing T cells relay neural signals in the ‘inflammatory reflex’ that regulate cytokine release in spleen. Mice deficient in acetylcholine-producing T cells have increased blood pressure, show reduced local vasodilatation and viral control in lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus infection, and display changes in gut microbiota compared with littermates. These observations indicate that ChAT+ lymphocytes play physiologically important roles in regulation of inflammation and anti-microbial defense. However, the full scope and importance of ChAT+ lymphocytes in immunity and vascular biology remains to be elucidated. Here, we review key findings in this emerging area. Two drugs (cefpirome, cefixime) as dual-action inhibitors could self-organize on copper surface forming bio-functional protective film, which effectively prevents copper corrosion in the picking process with an excellent performance on the resistance of Escherichia coli (E. coli) and Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus). Energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) results showed that studied drugs can self-organize on copper surface successfully forming adsorption film to protect copper. The results also indicated that N/S atoms with the lone pair electrons in the drugs donated electrons to the vacant orbital of Cu occupying the active sites of copper surface. Electrochemistry and surface morphology study revealed that the corrosion inhibition efficiency of cefixime was better than cefpirome. Furthermore, adsorption isotherm study suggested that the adsorption was spontaneous chemical and physical adsorption, obeying Langmuir adsorption. A novel strategy is described for preparing pH-sensitive liposomes which releases the encapsulated drug in response to the change in pH of surrounding solution. The liposomes, composed of conventional zwitter-ionic egg yolk lecithin (EL), additionally contains a pH-sensitive “activator” (AMS), a derivative of lithocholic acid with anionic and cationic groups attached to the opposite ends of the steroid core. AMS changes its orientation in the liposomal membrane thus adapting to acidity/basicity of the outer solution. The rotation of AMS induces disordering of the membrane and a fast release of the bioactive cargo. In particular, 50-60 % of the encapsulated antitumor drug, doxorubicin and cisplatin, leaks from the liposomes within the first minute after acidification of the surrounding solution. Low-toxic EL-AMS liposomes, loaded with doxorubicin, show themselves active towards multidrug resistant cells. Fast-acting and low-toxic EL-AMS liposomes can be used in the design of smart liposomal containers in the drug delivery field. Delivery systems responsive to pH variations might allow the exploitation of the various pH gradients within the body, e.g. between healthy and tumor tissue, or between the extracellular space and some cell compartments. In previous studies, we designed doxorubicin-loaded pH-responsive chitosan-tripolyphosphate nanoparticles (DOX-CS-NPs) and also performed an extensive in vitro study evidencing its notable antiproliferative activity against different tumor cells. Here, we focus on the understanding of the mechanisms underlying the improved in vitro antitumor activity of these NPs, using experimental conditions simulating both the physiological environments (pH 7.4) and the extracellular space of tumors (pHe 6.6). CS-NPs were obtained by ionotropic gelation method, using the surfactant 77KS, derived from the amino acid lysine, as a pH-sensitive adjuvant. The apoptotic effects on HeLa tumor cells was analyzed by annexin V-FITC quantification using flow cytometry. Likewise, the modulation of the cell cycle and the NP cell uptake rate were assessed by flow cytometry. pH-Responsive NPs augmented DOX cytotoxicity by increasing the number of apoptosis events, thus causing cell cycle arrest in the G2/M or S phase. The apoptotic effects were notably more evident at pH 6.6. It was also demonstrated that DOX-CS-NPs were internalized by HeLa cells in a greater extent than the non-associated drug, especially at pH 6.6. It was proven that the combined physicochemical and pH-responsive properties of CS-NPs allowed an enhanced DOX cell internalization in a tumor cell model, allowing the entrapped drug to induce greater cell cycle arrest and apoptotic effects. In this work, different concentrations of Se-incorporated mesoporous silica nanospheres (MSNs) (5Se/MSNs and 10Se/MSNs) were successfully synthesized via an in-situ one-pot method. Their physicochemical properties were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). U0126 clinical trial The release behaviors of Se and Si were investigated in a phosphate-buffered saline (pH = 5.5, 7.4) solution (PBS). In vitro antibacterial properties of the prepared samples were evaluated with Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) and Escherichia coli (E. coli). The cytocompatibilities of the samples were then assessed using L929 cells. Se nanoparticles were successfully loaded onto the outer and inner surfaces of hierarchical mesoporous silica. The sizes of the Se/MSNs nanoparticles were approximately 120 nm for 5Se/MSNs and 210 nm for 10Se/MSNs. The XRD and XPS results showed that Se mainly existed in the form of Se0 in the samples. The Se/MSNs exhibited stable and sustained release of both Si and Se in PBS solution.