It also modulated the inflammation by attenuating inflammatory cytokines. In addition, the number of neurogenesis positive cells, the expression of trophic factors and growth factors were significantly higher in the SS-MSCs group than others. At the same time, FBS-MSCs and NS-MSCs showed differences in the expression of trophic factors and growth factors, but the results were not as well as SS-MSCs.

SS-MSCs administration after the reperfusion led to neuroprotection by improving pathological changes, behavioral improvement, neurogenesis, suppression of apoptosis and inflammatory as well as angiogenesis.

SS-MSCs administration after the reperfusion led to neuroprotection by improving pathological changes, behavioral improvement, neurogenesis, suppression of apoptosis and inflammatory as well as angiogenesis.

Sports-related injuries are the third commonest cause of spine fractures. Spinal fractures incurred as a result of partaking in sport by their nature are different from those associated with frailty and road traffic accidents. The patient demographics and nature of fractures associated with sports activities are not well documented. find more We aim to describe the management and outcome of patients with a sports-related spine fracture in a single U.K. major trauma center in a 6-year time period.

Patients with sports-related spinal fractures were identified from the Trauma Audit and Research Network database at a U.K. major trauma center between January 2011 and December 2016. Patient notes were retrospectively reviewed for demographics, injury severity score, treatment, complications, and outcomes.

In the study period, 122 patients were admitted with a sports-related spinal fracture, sustaining a total of 230 fractures. Of these, 48 (20.9%) were in the cervical, 79 (34.3%) in the thoracic, and 103 (44.8%) in the lumbar regions. The sports most commonly associated with spinal fractures were horse riding (n= 55), cycling (n=36), and boating (n= 10). Of the 230 fractures, 32 (13.9%) were associated with neurologic injury. Forty-five of the 230 fractures (19.6%) were managed surgically, and the remainder were managed conservatively.

Within our population, sports most commonly associated with spinal fractures were horse riding, cycling, and boating. The majority of cases were managed nonoperatively. Further research is required to establish evidence-based guidelines on the management of sports-related spinal fractures.

Within our population, sports most commonly associated with spinal fractures were horse riding, cycling, and boating. The majority of cases were managed nonoperatively. Further research is required to establish evidence-based guidelines on the management of sports-related spinal fractures.

Neurosurgery in Pakistan is an advanced field with significant challenges. The training program tests one’s endurance, knowledge, empathy, and dedication. The training structure in Pakistan consists of 5 years, of which 2 years are spent in general surgery followed by 3 years of dedicated neurosurgery. This study aimed to conduct a survey to address the quality of neurosurgery training in Pakistan so that its strengths and deficiencies could be identified, recommendations could be made, and actions could be taken toward improvement.

A nationwide survey was conducted of neurosurgery residents from all over Pakistan. An e-mail invitation was sent to 177 neurosurgery residents certified by the College of Physicians and Surgeons Pakistan from 22 institutes in all provinces of Pakistan. The questionnaire was divided into the following sections sociodemographics of participants, infrastructure of training site, clinical skills training and exposure, and knowledge-based education. Data were collected through Google Forms and analyzed using statistical software.

A total of 151 residents responded to the survey. More than half of the institutes had >10 neurosurgery residents in their department (59.6%). More than half of the residents did not attend any international conference during their residency (51%). More than one fourth of the residents did not participate in any hands-on workshop during their residency tenure.

The neurosurgical training program in Pakistan requires updating of the curriculum with better implementation. These data will help the College of Physicians and Surgeons Pakistan in standardizing neurosurgical training across Pakistan to improve competence among trainees.

The neurosurgical training program in Pakistan requires updating of the curriculum with better implementation. These data will help the College of Physicians and Surgeons Pakistan in standardizing neurosurgical training across Pakistan to improve competence among trainees.

Placement of an external ventricular drain (EVD) is a common procedure routinely completed at bedside by neurosurgical residents. A standardized protocol for placement and maintenance of an EVD is potentially useful.

This single-institution retrospective review analyzed all patients who underwent placement of an EVD over a 5-year span using a standardized protocol.

A total of 428 EVDs in 381 patients were placed as per this protocol. Overall compliance with the practice protocol was 98.7%. Overall, our infection rate was 1.86% (8 external ventricular drain-related infection [ERIs] over 428 EVDs). There was no difference in age for the ERI cases (median 55, range (50.5-60.5), compared with the non-ERI cases (median of 53, range [38-65]) (P= 0.512). Indications for placement of EVD were hemorrhage (51.9%, n= 198), tumor (16.2%, n= 62), trauma (12.8%, n= 49), hydrocephalus (11.5%, n= 44), cerebellar stroke (2.8%, n= 11), infection (3.1%, n= 12), unknown (1.3%, n= 5). Most EVDs (77.6%, n= 296) were placed bI.

We evaluated the clinical outcomes of superficial and perforator ablation and the effects on wound healing by adding iliac vein stenting of nonthrombotic iliac vein lesions (NIVLs) in patients presenting with active venous ulcers.

A retrospective analysis was performed of patients who had presented with venous ulcers and had a diagnosis of NIVLs from January 2017 to December 2019. Patients with a >50% diameter reduction in the iliac vein as determined by computed tomography venography had undergone transfemoral venography for further confirmation. Patients were divided into the endovenous laser ablation (EVLA) group and EVLA with stenting (EVLAS) group. The EVLA group had undergone endovascular laser treatment of superficial venous reflux, and the EVLAS group had undergone EVLA and stenting for NIVLs. The clinical outcomes were compared between the two groups. The primary endpoint was cumulative ulcer healing at 12months. The secondary endpoints included complications, venous clinical severity score improvements, and pain scores during the follow-up period.