In this work, a biosorbent was prepared by the ultrasound-acid treatment of Merremia vitifolia plant and tested for the removal of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D), a phenoxy herbicide. Optimal values of five batch biosorption parameters namely stirring speed, contact time, biosorbent dosage, initial pH and initial adsorbate concentration were experimentally obtained in sequential manner for an enhanced biosorption capacity. The kinetics of the biosorption of 2,4-D were best described by the pseudo first order kinetic model (R2 = 0.99) and the biosorption equilibrium data were successfully fitted to the Langmuir adsorption isotherm (R2 = 0.99) with a maximum biosorption capacity of 66.93 mg g-1. The mechanism of biosorption was investigated using two intraparticle diffusion models (Weber and Boyd), Dubinin-Radushkevich isotherm model and electrostatic interactions. The presence of intraparticle and film diffusion limitations for the biosorption was confirmed along with the physical and chemical nature of the biosorption. The thermodynamic parameters of the biosorption were calculated using the equilibrium data obtained at four different temperatures. The entropy change for biosorption was found to be negative indicating the decreased randomness at the interface. Desorption studies were carried out using different solvents and the percentages of desorption were compared.Many attempts have been made to improve the photocatalytic performance of immobilized photocatalysts for large-scale applications by modification of the photocatalyst properties. In this work, immobilized bilayer photocatalyst composed of titanium dioxide (TiO2) and chitosan-montmorillonite (CS-MT) were prepared in a layer-by-layer arrangement supported on glass substrate. This arrangement allows a simultaneous occurrence of adsorption and photocatalysis processes of pollutants, whereby each layer could be independently modified and controlled to acquire the desired degree of occurring processes. It was found that the addition of MT clay within the CS composite sub-layer improved the mechanical strength of CS, reduced its swelling and shifted its absorption threshold to higher wavelengths. In addition, the band gap energy of the photocatalyst was also reduced to 2.93 eV. The immobilized TiO2/CS-MT exhibited methyl orange (MO) decolourization rate of 0.071 min-1 under light irradiation, which is better than the single TiO2 due to the synergistic processes of adsorption by CS-MT and photocatalysis by TiO2 layer. The MO dye took 6 h to achieve complete mineralization and produced sulfate and nitrate ions as the by-products. Furthermore, the immobilized TiO2/CS-MT could be reused for at least ten cycles of application without significant loss of its activity.A polyamine functionalized polystyrene resin (PSATA) was prepared via condensation reaction of acetylated polystyrene resin with triethylenetetramine, which, upon NaBH4 reduction, produced PSATAR. In comparison with the PSATA, the PSATAR with more flexible amine groups shows improved structural properties, and the equilibrium adsorption capacities of phenol, 2-nitrophenol (ONP) and 2,4-dinitrophenol (DNP) in wastewater were up to 1.073, 1.832 and 1.901 mmol/g, respectively. Their adsorption isotherms fit well with the Freundlich model, indicating a multilayer, heterogeneous adsorption nature. Kinetic studies indicated that the adsorption of phenolic compounds conforms to the pseudo-second-order kinetics with the adsorption rate controlled by film diffusion for ONP and DNP, and intra-particle diffusion in the later stage for phenol.The occurrence of organic micropollutants such as pharmaceutical drugs and hormones in the environment reflects the inefficiency of traditional wastewater treatment technologies. Biosorption is a promising alternative from a technical-economic point of view, so understanding the mechanisms of adsorption in new biosorbents is vital for application and process optimization. Within this context, this study aims to evaluate the mechanisms of adsorption and removal of synthetic and natural hormones by Pinus elliottii bark biosorbent (PS) compared to commercial granular activated carbon (GAC) through kinetic models, isotherm models, and thermodynamic models. The adsorbents were also characterized by morphology, chemical composition, functional groups, and point of zero charge. Characterization of the adsorbents highlights the heterogeneous and fibrous morphology and broader range of functional groups found for PS. Kinetic adjustments showed high accuracy for pseudo-second-order, Elovich, and intraparticle diffusion models, presenting multilinearity and evidencing multi-stage adsorption. The isotherms for PS followed high-affinity models, predominantly chemisorption, while those for GAC followed the Langmuir model, where physisorption predominates. These mechanisms were confirmed by thermodynamic models, which also indicated a higher dependence on temperature in the adsorption process. In the fortified water removal test, PS showed removal values higher than GAC, highlighting the advantages of this adsorbent.Antibiotics are known as emergent pollutants because of their toxicological properties. Due to continuous discharge and persistence in the aquatic environment, antibiotics are detected almost in every environmental matrix. Therefore antibiotics that are polluting the aquatic environment have gained significant research interest for their removal. Several techniques have been used to remove pollutants, but appropriate technology is still to be found. HDAC inhibitor This review addresses the use of modified and cheap materials for antibiotic removal from the environment.Rapamycin delays multiple age-related conditions and extends lifespan in organisms ranging from yeast to mice. However, the mechanisms by which rapamycin influences longevity are incompletely understood. The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of rapamycin on NAD+/NADH redox balance. We report that the NAD+/NADH ratio of C2C12 myoblasts or differentiated myotubes significantly decreases over time in culture, and that rapamycin prevents this effect. Despite lowering the NADH available to support ATP generation, rapamycin increases ATP availability, consistent with lowering energetic demand. Although rapamycin did not change the NAD+/NADH ratio or steady-state ATP concentration in the livers, kidneys, or muscles of young mice, optical redox imaging revealed that rapamycin caused a substantial decline in the NADH content and an increase in the optical redox ratio (a surrogate of NAD+/NADH redox ratio) in muscles from aged mice. Collectively, these data suggest that rapamycin favors a more oxidized NAD+/NADH ratio in aged muscle, which may influence metabolism and the activity of NAD+-dependent enzymes.