ve EQ-5D scores, increased pain and disability, and lower odds of achieving the MCID at 1-year after undergoing LTMD when compared to patients without any smoking history.

Current smokers at the time of surgery have inferior postoperative EQ-5D scores, increased pain and disability, and lower odds of achieving the MCID at 1-year after undergoing LTMD when compared to patients without any smoking history.

The field of Artificial Intelligence (AI) is rapidly advancing, especially with recent improvements in deep learning (DL) techniques. Augmented (AR) and virtual reality (VR) are finding their place in healthcare, and spine surgery is no exception. The unique capabilities and advantages of AR and VR devices include their low cost, flexible integration with other technologies, user-friendly features and their application in navigation systems, which makes them beneficial across different aspects of spine surgery. Despite the use of AR for pedicle screw placement, targeted cervical foraminotomy, bone biopsy, osteotomy planning, and percutaneous intervention, the current applications of AR and VR in spine surgery remain limited.

The primary goal of this study was to provide the spine surgeons and clinical researchers with the general information about the current applications, future potentials, and accessibility of AR and VR systems in spine surgery.

We reviewed titles of more than 250 journal papers from e part of standard of care in spine surgery.

Little is known about the effects of sleep disturbance (SD) on clinical outcomes after spine surgery.

To determine the (1) prevalence of SD among patients presenting for spine surgery at an academic medical center; (2) correlations between SD and health-related quality of life (HRQoL) scores; and (3) associations between postoperative SD resolution and short-term HRQoL.

Retrospective review of prospectively collected data.

We included 508 adults undergoing spine surgery at 1 academic center between December 2014 and January 2018.

Participants completed the Oswestry Disability Index (ODI) or Neck Disability Index (NDI) and Patient Reported Outcome Measurement System (PROMIS-29) questionnaire preoperatively, during the immediate postoperative period (6-12 weeks), and at 6, 12, and 24 months after surgery.

Using preoperative PROMIS SD scores, we grouped participants as having no sleep disturbance (score <55), mild disturbance (score, 55-60), moderate disturbance (score 60-70), or severe disturbancction (OR, 0.32; 95% CI, 0.13, 0.82), and Satisfaction with Participation in Social Roles (OR, 0.57; 95% CI, 0.37, 0.80).

One-quarter of spine surgery patients reported preoperative SD of at least moderate severity. Poor preoperative sleep quality and ongoing postoperative sleep disturbance were significantly associated with worse scores on several HRQoL measures. These results highlight the importance of addressing patients’ sleep disturbance both before and after surgery.

One-quarter of spine surgery patients reported preoperative SD of at least moderate severity. Poor preoperative sleep quality and ongoing postoperative sleep disturbance were significantly associated with worse scores on several HRQoL measures. These results highlight the importance of addressing patients’ sleep disturbance both before and after surgery.

Focused ultrasound (FUS) has excellent characteristics over other non-invasive stimulation methods in terms of spatial resolution and steering capability of the target. FUS has not been tested in the cerebellar cortex and cellular effects of FUS are not fully understood.

To investigate how the activity of cerebellar Purkinje cells (PCs) is modulated by FUS with varying pulse durations and pulse repetition frequencies.

A glass microelectrode was inserted into the cerebellar vermis lobule 6 from the dorsal side to extracellularly record single unit activity of the PCs in anesthetized rats. Ultrasonic stimulation (500kHz) was applied through a coupling cone, filled with degassed water, from the posterior side to target the recording area with varying pulse durations and frequencies.

Simple spike (SS) activity of PCs was entrained by the FUS pattern where the probability of spike occurrences peaked at around 1ms following the onset of the stimulus regardless of its duration (0.5, 1, or 2ms). The level of entrainment was stronger with shorter pulse durations at 50-Hz pulse repetition frequency (PRF), however, peri-event histograms spread wider and the peaks delayed slightly at 100-Hz PRF, suggesting involvement of a long-lasting inhibitory mechanism. There was no significant difference between the average firing rates in the baseline and stimulation periods.

FUS can entrain spiking activity of single cells on a spike-by-spike basis as demonstrated here in the rat cerebellar cortex. The observed modulation potentially results from the aggregate of excitatory and inhibitory effects of FUS on the entire cortical network rather than on the PCs alone.

FUS can entrain spiking activity of single cells on a spike-by-spike basis as demonstrated here in the rat cerebellar cortex. The observed modulation potentially results from the aggregate of excitatory and inhibitory effects of FUS on the entire cortical network rather than on the PCs alone.Fucoidans are sulfated glycans from marine algae that have both anti-cancer and anti-microbial properties. Chlorothalonil is a fungicide and insecticide commonly used in agriculture. Chlorothalonil is relatively toxic to fish and can potentially affect the aquaculture practices. In this study, we determined whether fucoidan administration would offer any protection from acute and subchronic toxicity of chlorothalonil on Nile tilapia. First, we tested the effect of chlorothalonil (20 to 140 μg/L, water-applied) on Nile tilapia in an acute exposure (six days). Apoptosis activator Survival analysis was performed, together with assessment of histopathology, oxidative stress (i.e., antioxidant status, hydrogen peroxide levels, malondialdehyde and nitric oxide levels) and immunohistochemistry to measure indicators of hepatic damage (i.e., caspase 3, p53, mini-chromosome maintenance proteins (MCM), and glutathione peroxidase). Chlorothalonil induced mild to severe histopathological alterations that were dose-dependent in various tissues of Nile tilapia.