The research tools afforded to rodent models will provide an increasingly clear translational understanding of empathic processes and consequently result in improvements in care for those diagnosed with any one of the many psychiatric disorders.The transient receptor potential vanilloid-1 channel (TRPV1) is responsible for decoding physical and chemical stimuli. TRPV1 is activated by capsaicin (a compound from chili peppers), heat (above 43°C) and acid environment, playing a major role in pain, inflammation and body temperature. Molecular and histological studies have suggested TRPV1 expression in specific brain regions, where it can be activated primarily by the endocannabinoid anandamide, fostering studies on its potential role in psychiatric disorders. TRPV1 blockers are effective in various animal models predictive of anxiolytic and antipanic activities, in addition to reducing conditioned fear. In models of antidepressant activity, these compounds reduce behavioral despair and promote active stress-coping behavior. TRPV1 blockers also reduce the effects of certain drugs of abuse and revert behavioral changes in animal models of neurodevelopmental disorders. The main limiting factor in developing TRPV1 blockers as therapeutic agents concerns their effects on body temperature, particularly hyperthermia. New compounds, which block specific states of the channel, could represent an alternative. Moreover, compounds blocking both TRPV1 and the anandamide-hydrolyzing enzyme, fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH), termed dual TRPV1/FAAH blockers, have been investigated with promising results. Overall, preclinical studies yield favorable results with TRPV1 blockers in animal models of psychiatric disorders.Cannabis is one of the most frequently used psychoactive substances in the world. The most common route of administration for cannabis and cannabinoid constituents such as Δ-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and cannabidiol (CBD) is via smoking or vapor inhalation. Preclinical vapor models have been developed, although the vaporization devices and delivery methods vary widely across laboratories. This review examines the emerging field of preclinical vapor models with a focus on cannabinoid exposure in order to (1) summarize vapor exposure parameters and other methodological details across studies; (2) discuss the pharmacological and behavioral effects produced by exposure to vaporized cannabinoids; and (3) compare behavioral effects of cannabinoid vapor administration with those of other routes of administration. This review will serve as a guide for past and current vapor delivery methods in animals, synergize findings across studies, and propose future directions for this area of research.Panic disorder can be categorized into the nonrespiratory or the respiratory subtypes, the latter comprising dyspnea, shortness of breath, chest pain, feelings of suffocation, and paresthesias. Doxapram is an analeptic capable of inducing panic attacks with respiratory symptoms in individuals diagnosed with the disorder; however, its neuroanatomical targets and its effects on experimental animals remain uncharacterized. One of the brain regions proposed to trigger panic attacks is the midbrain periaqueductal gray (PAG). Therefore, in this study, we evaluated the effects of doxapram in Fos (c-Fos) protein expression in the PAG and characterized its cardiorespiratory and behavioral effects on the elevated T maze and in the conditioned place aversion (CPA) paradigms. Doxapram increased Fos expression in different columns of the PAG, increased respiratory frequency, decreased heart rate, and increased arterial pressure when injected via intravenous route. #link# Alprazolam, a panicolytic benzodiazepine, injected via intraperitoneal route, decreased respiratory frequency, whereas URB597, an anandamide hydrolysis inhibitor injected via intraperitoneal route, was ineffective. Doxapram injected via intraperitoneal route induced an anxiogenic-like effect in the elevated T-maze model; however, it failed to induce CPA. This study suggests that the cardiorespiratory and behavioral effects of doxapram in rodents serve as an experimental model that can provide insights into the neurobiology of panic attacks.

selleck compound of caring for cancer patients has adverse outcomes for family caregivers. The ability to care for a sick child is affected by the mother’s health; to empower mothers, it will be necessary to examine their caring ability.

The aim of this study was to carry out a psychometric evaluation of the Caring Ability of Family Caregivers of Patients With Cancer Scale-Mothers’ Version (CAFCPCS-Mothers’ Version).

The present study is a psychometric evaluation of the CAFCPCS-Mothers’ Version. The sample consisted of 196 mothers of children in treatment for cancer selected through convenience sampling. The face, content and construct validity, internal consistency, and stability of the scale were measured. Data were analyzed using the software SPSS 19 and LISREL 8.8.

After removing 2 items during confirmatory factor analysis, the values of root-mean-square error of approximation, comparative fit index, and nonnormed fit index were reported to be 0.066, 0.92, and 0.91, respectively. The Cronbach’s α was calculated to be 0.71 and the stability correlation coefficient was 0.75. The final tested scale included 29 items in 5 dimensions effective role play, fatigue and surrender, trust, uncertainty, and caring ignorance for mothers of children with cancer.

The CAFCPCS-Mothers’ Version has satisfactory content, face, and construct validity and adequate reliability in terms of internal consistency and stability in a sample of mothers of children receiving treatment for cancer.

The CAFCPCS-Mothers’ Version can be used to assess the caring ability of Iranian mothers of children with cancer and to determine maternal care needs.

The CAFCPCS-Mothers’ Version can be used to assess the caring ability of Iranian mothers of children with cancer and to determine maternal care needs.Integrating behavioral health into primary care can increase patient access to treatments for behavioral health disorders, especially in rural areas. The first step of integrated care implementations is the need to identify at-risk patients and effectively communicate patient screening results to the care team. The use of technology can facilitate patient screening and incorporate screening data into electronic health records. This paper describes the development of a tablet-based screening system to facilitate behavioral health integration in a rural primary care clinic, discusses the preliminary impact of digital screening on workflows, and provides recommendations for the use of technology for screening. A tablet-based assessment was developed to screen patients for behavioral health concerns and was implemented within a rural primary care clinic. The system was created using the Visual Signature Capture system, which integrates directly with the electronic health record. Following the initial assessment, patients are screened as frequently as every 30 days with a mini-screen assessment, consisting of multiple screening tools for mental health and substance use.