© 2020 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.This article analyzes the available evidence to address airborne, aerosol transmission of the SARS-CoV-2. We review and present three lines of evidence case reports of transmission for asymptomatic individuals in association with studies that show that normal breathing and talking produce predominantly small droplets of the size that are subject to aerosol transport; limited empirical data that have recorded aerosolized SARS-CoV-2 particles that remain suspended in the air for hours and are subject to transport over distances including outside of rooms and intrabuilding, and the broader literature that further supports the importance of aerosol transmission of infectious diseases. The weight of the available evidence warrants immediate attention to address the significance of aerosols and implications for public health protection. © 2020 Society for Risk Analysis.In late 2019, a new coronavirus emerged in Wuhan Province, China, causing lung complications similar to those produced by the SARS coronavirus in the 2002-2003 epidemic. This new disease was named COVID-19 and the causative virus SARS-CoV-2. The SARS-CoV-2 virus enters the airway and binds, by means of the S protein on its surface to the membrane protein ACE2 in type 2 alveolar cells. The S protein-ACE2 complex is internalized by endocytosis leading to a partial decrease or total loss of the enzymatic function ACE2 in the alveolar cells and in turn increasing the tissue concentration of pro-inflammatory angiotensin II by decreasing its degradation and reducing the concentration of its physiological antagonist angiotensin 1-7. High levels of angiotensin II on the lung interstitium can promote apoptosis initiating an inflammatory process with release of proinflammatory cytokines, establishing a self-powered cascade, leading eventually to ARDS. Recently, Gurwitz proposed the tentative use of agents such as losartan and telmisartan as alternative options for treating COVID-19 patients prior to development of ARDS. In this commentary article, the authors make the case for the election of telmisartan as such alternative on the basis of its pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties and present an open-label randomized phase II clinical trial for the evaluation of telmisartan in COVID-19 patients (NCT04355936). © 2020 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.A 32 years old female patient presented to the FNAC clinic in our hospital, complaining of swelling in her left parotid region extending up to the left level II cervical region for the past two months. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.Rhythm perception seems to be crucial to language development. Many studies have shown that children with Developmental Dyslexia and Developmental Language Disorder have difficulties in processing rhythmic structures. see more In this study, we investigated the relationships between prosody and musical processing in Italian children with typical and atypical development. The tasks aimed to reproduce linguistic prosodic structures through musical sequences, offering a direct comparison between the two domains without violating the specificities of each one. Sixteen Typically Developing children, sixteen children with a diagnosis of Developmental Dyslexia and sixteen with a diagnosis of Developmental Language Disorder (age 10-13 years) participated in the experimental study. Three tasks were administered an association task between a sentence and its humming version, a stress discrimination task (between couples of sounds reproducing the intonation of Italian trisyllabic words) and an association task between trisyllabic non-words with different stress position and three-notes musical sequences with different musical stress. Children with Developmental Language Disorder perform significantly lower than Typically Developing children on the humming test, By contrast, children with Developmental Dyslexia are significantly slower than TD in associating non-words with musical sequences. Accuracy and speed in the experimental tests correlate with metaphonological, language and word reading scores. Theoretical and clinical implications are discussed within a multidimensional model of neurodevelopmental disorders including prosodic and rhythmic skills at word and sentence level. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.Both the increase in traveler numbers and the heightened threat posed by terrorism in recent years represent significant challenges to airport security measures. To ensure that a high level of security is maintained, randomized security checks have been proposed as a promising alternative to traditional security approaches. The use of randomized checks means that only a specific number of people are selected for security screening. However, the likely effects of such a change in security procedures on travelers’ security perceptions and on the deterrence of criminal activities remain unclear. Thus, the present study examines how varying the percentage of people screened during security checks influences people’s security perceptions. In two online experiments, the participants were asked to imagine that they sought to smuggle an explosive dummy past an airport security check. The only information provided was the number of people screened during security checks, which was manipulated between-subjects in the first experiment and within-subjects in the second experiment. The participants then had to rate their security perception (i.e., the perceived likelihood of successfully smuggling the explosive dummy). The findings show that people perceive traditional security checks to be safer than randomized checks, irrespective of whether 90% or 30% of people are screened. Hence, if randomized security checks would indeed be implemented, it would automatically lead to a decreased perception of security. Furthermore, this decreased security perception might lead to an actual reduction in security, as the deterrence of criminal activities could also be reduced. © 2020 Society for Risk Analysis.INTRODUCTION Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is associated cardiovascular disease (CVD) in patients with type 2 diabetes; nonetheless, it is unknown whether the relationship between NAFLD and CVD occurs also in subjects with prediabetes. Herein, we evaluated whether NAFLD is associated with prevalent CVD in subjects with different glucose tolerance states independently of cardiovascular risk factors. MATERIALS AND METHODS Presence of NALFD, defined by liver ultrasound, and its association with prevalent composite and individual CVD, including coronary artery disease (CAD) and cerebrovascular disease, was assessed in a cohort of 1254 Caucasian subjects classified as having normal glucose tolerance (NGT, n = 517), prediabetes (n = 397) or type 2 diabetes (n = 340). RESULTS Prevalence of NAFLD in the study population was 47.9%. Presence of NAFLD was linked to an augmented prevalence of composite CVD and individual CAD in all the three glucose tolerance groups. In a logistic regression model adjusted for several cardio-metabolic risk factors, subjects with NGT and NAFLD exhibited a 3.