52), and is also an effective

contrast agent at 0.5 T (

/

= 2.49), while 4-nm SPIO@PEG5k is a

–

dual-mode contrast agent at 3.0 T (

/

= 5.24), and is a useful

contrast agent at 0.5 T (

/

= 1.74) and 1.5 T (

/

= 2.85). MRI studies in vivo at 3.0 T further confirm that 4-nm SPIO@PEG5k displays excellent

–

dual-mode contrast enhancement, whereas 8-nm SPIO@PEG5k only displays

contrast enhancement.

PEGylated SPIOs with different nanocrystal sizes and PEG coating can be used as

,

, or

–

dual-mode contrast agents to meet the clinical demands of MRI at specific magnetic fields.

PEGylated SPIOs with different nanocrystal sizes and PEG coating can be used as T 1, T 2, or T 1-T 2 dual-mode contrast agents to meet the clinical demands of MRI at specific magnetic fields.

Therapy for glioblastoma (GBM) has always been very challenging, not only because of the presence of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) but also due to susceptibility to drug resistance. Recently, the clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)-associated protein 9 (CRISPR/Cas9) has revolutionized gene editing technology and is capable of treating a variety of genetic diseases, including human tumors, but there is a lack of safe and effective targeting delivery systems in vivo, especially in the central nervous system (CNS).

Lipid-polymer hybrid nanoparticles (LPHNs-cRGD) were constructed for efficient and targeting delivery of CRISPR/Cas9 plasmids targeting O6-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase (MGMT), a drug-resistance gene to temozolomide (TMZ). Focused ultrasound (FUS)-microbubbles (MBs) were used to non-invasively and locally open the BBB to further facilitate gene delivery into glioblastoma in vivo. The gene editing efficiency and drug sensitivity changes were evaluated both in viwe constructed LPHNs-cRGD for targeting delivery of the CRISPR/Cas9 system, in combination with FUS-MBs to open the BBB. selleck chemicals The MBs-LPHNs-cRGD delivery system could be a potential alternative for efficient targeting gene delivery for the treatment of glioblastoma.The emergence of nanotechnology as a key enabling technology over the past years has opened avenues for new and innovative applications in nanomedicine. From the business aspect, the nanomedicine market was estimated to worth USD 293.1 billion by 2022 with a perception of market growth to USD 350.8 billion in 2025. Despite these opportunities, the underlying challenges for the future of engineered nanomaterials (ENMs) in nanomedicine research became a significant obstacle in bringing ENMs into clinical stages. These challenges include the capability to design bias-free methods in evaluating ENMs’ toxicity due to the lack of suitable detection and inconsistent characterization techniques. Therefore, in this literature review, the state-of-the-art of engineered nanomaterials in nanomedicine, their toxicology issues, the working framework in developing a toxicology benchmark and technical characterization techniques in determining the toxicity of ENMs from the reported literature are explored.

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is an autoimmune disease that underlies chronic inflammation of the synovial membrane. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are commonly used to treat RA. However, a long list of adverse events associated with long-term treatment regimens with NSAIDs negatively influences patient compliance and therapeutic outcomes.

The aim of this work was to achieve site-specific delivery of celecoxib-loaded spanlastic nano-vesicle-based delivery system to the inflamed joints, avoiding systemic administration of large doses.

To develop spanlastic nanovesicles for transdermal delivery of celecoxib, modified injection method was adopted using Tween 80 or Brij as edge activators. Entrapment efficiency, vesicle size, ex vivo permeation, and morphology of the prepared nano-vesicles were characterized. Carbopol-based gels containing the selected formulations were prepared, and their clarity, pH, rheological performance, and ex vivo permeation were characterized. Celecoxib-loaded niosomes e niosomes-containing gel, the marketed diclofenac sodium gel, and unprocessed celecoxib-loaded gel.

The spanlastic nano-vesicle-containing gel represents a more efficient site-specific treatment for topical treatment of chronic inflammation like RA, compared to commercial and other conventional alternatives.

The spanlastic nano-vesicle-containing gel represents a more efficient site-specific treatment for topical treatment of chronic inflammation like RA, compared to commercial and other conventional alternatives.

This manuscript aimed at encapsulating an antifungal terconazole (TCZ) into innovative novasomes for improving its penetration into the skin and clinically modulating its therapeutic efficacy.

Novasomes containing free fatty acid (FFA) as a penetration enhancer were formulated using ethanol injection technique based on 2

full factorial design to explore the impact of various formulation variables on novasomes characteristics regarding entrapment efficiency percent (EE%), particle size (PS), polydispersity index (PDI), and zeta potential (ZP). The optimum formulation was chosen using Design-Expert

software and utilized for further explorations.

The chosen formulation (N15; including 100 mg lipid components and Span 80 to oleic acid in a ratio of 21 (w/w)) exhibited an EE% = 99.45 ± 0.78%, PS = 623.00 ± 2.97 nm, PDI = 0.40 ± 0.04, and ZP = -73.85 ± 0.64 mV. N15 showed spherical vesicles with a higher deformability index (DI) (9.62 ± 0.15 g) compared to traditional niosomal formulation (0.92 ± 0.12 g). Further, N15 showed superior inhibition of

growth relative to TCZ suspension using XTT (2,3-bis-(2-methyloxy-4-nitro-5-sulfophenyl)-2H-tetrazolium-5-carboxanilide) reduction assay. Moreover, in vivo skin deposition tests revealed a superior TCZ deposition inside the skin from N15 in comparison to traditional niosomal formulation and TCZ suspension. Furthermore, histopathological examination for rats assured the safety of N15 for topical use. A clinical study conducted on infants suffering from napkin candidiasis proved the superiority of N15 to placebo in providing a complete cure of such fungal infections.

Concisely, the obtained outcomes confirmed the pronounced efficacy of N15 to successfully treat skin fungal infections.

Concisely, the obtained outcomes confirmed the pronounced efficacy of N15 to successfully treat skin fungal infections.