Risk of prostate cancer death was higher among antidiabetic drug users overall (HR = 1.42; 95% CI, 1.18-1.70) compared with nonusers, separately among insulin and metformin users. Adjustment for blood glucose level abolished the risk increase. Risk of ADT initiation was increased among the medication users (HR = 1.26; 95% CI, 1.05-1.49).

Men with prostate cancer using antidiabetic medication are generally at increased risk of dying from prostate cancer compared with nonusers. The risk association is driven by underlying diabetes, as adjustment for blood glucose level ameliorates the risk increase.

Type 2 diabetes should be considered as a risk factor when considering prostate cancer prognosis.

Type 2 diabetes should be considered as a risk factor when considering prostate cancer prognosis.

Lifestyle factors related to energy balance have been associated with ovarian cancer risk and influence the tumor immune microenvironment, including tumor-associated macrophages (TAM). However, no studies have assessed whether these factors differentially impact ovarian cancer risk by TAM densities.

We conducted a prospective analysis in the Nurses’ Health Studies to examine the associations of physical activity, sitting time, and a food-based empirical dietary inflammatory pattern (EDIP) score with invasive epithelial ovarian cancer risk by TAM density assessed by immunohistochemistry. We considered density of CD68 (marker of total TAMs) and CD163 (marker of pro-carcinogenic M2-type TAMs), and their ratios. We used multivariable Cox proportional hazards regression to calculate hazard ratios (HR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) of exposures with risk of ovarian tumors with high versus low TAMs, including analyses stratified by body mass index.

Analyses included 312 incident ovarian cancer cases with TAM measurements. Physical activity, sitting time, and EDIP score were not differentially associated with ovarian cancer risk by TAM densities (

> 0.05). selleck chemical Among overweight and obese women, higher EDIP score was associated with increased risk of CD163 low-density tumors (HR comparing extreme tertiles, 1.57; 95% CI, 0.88-2.80;

= 0.01), but not CD163 high-density tumors (comparable HR, 1.16; 95% CI, 0.73-1.86;

= 0.24), though this difference was not statistically significant (

= 0.22).

We did not observe differential associations between lifestyle factors and ovarian cancer risk by TAM densities.

Future investigations examining the interplay between other ovarian cancer risk factors and the tumor immune microenvironment may help provide insight into ovarian cancer etiology.

Future investigations examining the interplay between other ovarian cancer risk factors and the tumor immune microenvironment may help provide insight into ovarian cancer etiology.

Although diabetes is a well-known risk factor for hepatocellular carcinoma, exactly which metabolic parameters of diabetes are associated with hepatocellular carcinoma remain unexplored. In this study, we investigated the relationship between glucose variability (GV) and hepatocellular carcinoma in patients with diabetes through a nationwide population-based study.

A population-based cohort study including 674,178 diabetic subjects participating in more than three health examinations within 5 years from the index year (2009 and 2010) were followed until the end of 2017. The coefficient of variation, SD, variability independent of the mean, and average real variability were calculated as GV indices.

During a median follow-up of 6.7 years, there were 5,494 cases of hepatocellular carcinoma. When groups were classified according to glucose level, the highest risk for hepatocellular carcinoma was observed when the basal blood glucose level was 180 mg/dL or greater [adjusted HR (aHR), 1.19; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.08-1.31]. We observed increasing trends for the relationship between GV and hepatocellular carcinoma in multivariable Cox proportional analyses. The risk of hepatocellular carcinoma increased by 27% (aHR, 1.27; 95% CI, 1.17-1.38) for the highest quartile of GV relative to the lowest quartile. These findings were consistent regardless of the presence of chronic viral hepatitis or cirrhosis, alcohol consumption, or body mass index.

GV was an independent predictor of hepatocellular carcinoma, even after adjusting for confounding factors. There was a linear relationship between increase in GV and prevalence of hepatocellular carcinoma.

Visit-to-visit GV might be helpful for identifying patients with diabetes at high risk of hepatocellular carcinoma.

Visit-to-visit GV might be helpful for identifying patients with diabetes at high risk of hepatocellular carcinoma.

There is growing evidence of an association between sugar-sweetened beverages (SSB) and increased risk of mortality in various populations. However, SSB influence on mortality among patients with breast cancer is unknown.

We assessed the relationship between sugar-sweetened soda and both all-cause and breast cancer mortality among women with incident, invasive breast cancer from the Western New York Exposures and Breast Cancer Study. Breast cancer cases were followed for a median of 18.7 years, with ascertainment of vital status via the National Death Index. Frequency of sugar-sweetened soda consumption was determined via dietary recall using a food frequency questionnaire. Cox proportional hazards, adjusting for relevant variables, were used to estimate HRs and 95% confidence intervals (CI).

Of the 927 breast cancer cases, 386 (54.7%) had died by the end of follow-up. Compared with never/rarely sugar-sweetened soda drinkers, consumption at ≥5 times per week was associated with increased risk of both total (HR = 1.62; 95% CI, 1.16-2.26;

< 0.01) and breast cancer mortality (HR = 1.85; 95% CI, 1.16-2.94;

< 0.01). Risk of mortality was similarly increased among ER-positive, but not ER-negative patients; among women with body mass index above the median, but not below the median; and among premenopausal, but not postmenopausal women for total mortality only.

Reported higher frequency of sugar-sweetened soda intake was associated with increased risks of both total and breast cancer mortality among patients with breast cancer.

These results support existing guidelines on reducing consumption of SSB, including for women with a diagnosis of breast cancer.

These results support existing guidelines on reducing consumption of SSB, including for women with a diagnosis of breast cancer.