No significant differences in alpha diversity were observed between normal weight and obese children in terms of the Shannon Index for evenness or species richness. However, a higher intervention effect on alpha diversity was observed among normal-weight participants compared to obese. The participants’ microbiome was found to fluctuate throughout the study. Analysis of the taxa at species level showed an increase in Bacteroides ovatus among the normal weight cohort. Genus-level comparison revealed a rise in genus Lachnospira and Ruminococcus in the overweight participants after intervention, compared to the normal-weight participants. The probiotics intervention causes an alteration in gut microbiota composition in both normal and overweight children. Though the association could not be defined statistically, this study has provided an improved understanding of the intervention effect of probiotics on gut microbiome dysbiosis in an underrepresented population.This study examined associations between body habitus and functions of aggression, in a sample of 474 college students from the Midwestern region of the United States (age range = 18-25y; 73% Caucasian). Two instruments of aggression, the Reactive-Proactive Aggression Questionnaire from Dodge & Coie 1987 (DC) and Raine et al. 2006 (RPQ) were given as self-assessments. Body habitus measures standardized by age and gender specific weight and height were collected. Subjects considered to have a large body habitus in our study had both weight and height measures above the 75th percentile. Large body habitus was positively correlated with both proactive and reactive functions of aggression among adult males but not females; however, regression analyses indicated that body habitus was most strongly and robustly associated with proactive aggression. Findings suggest that even in a healthy homogeneous population, large body size in males is associated with aggression, particularly proactive aggression including bullying rather than retaliatory aggression. The presence of a large body physique may reinforce aggressive behavioral traits acquired through life experiences and activities evoking physical dominance. Alternatively, the relationship may reflect neurological processes related to size influenced by genetic factors and hormones leading to antisocial behaviors requiring future research on the role of genes for aggression.[This corrects the article DOI 10.1007/s11366-020-09695-3.].Our previous study [R. Bhardwaj and A. Agrawal, “Likelihood of survival of coronavirus in a respiratory droplet deposited on a solid surface,” Phys. Fluids 32, 061704 (2020)] showed that the drying time of typical respiratory droplets is on the order of seconds, while the survival time of the coronavirus on different surfaces was reported to be on the order of hours in recent experiments. We attribute the long survival time of the coronavirus on a surface to the slow evaporation of a thin nanometer liquid film remaining after the evaporation of the bulk droplet. Accordingly, we employ a computational model for a thin film in which the evaporating mass rate is a function of disjoining and Laplace pressures inside the film. The model shows a strong dependence on the initial thickness of the film and suggests that the drying time of this nanometric film is on the order of hours, consistent with the survival time of the coronavirus on a surface, seen in published experiments. We briefly examine the change in the drying time as a function of the contact angle and type of surface. The computed time-varying film thickness or volume qualitatively agrees with the measured decay of the coronavirus titer on different surfaces. The present work provides insights on why coronavirus survival is on the order of hours or days on a solid surface under ambient conditions.In the unfortunate event of the current ongoing pandemic COVID-19, where vaccination development is still in the trial phase, several preventive control measures such as social distancing, hand-hygiene, and personal protective equipment have been recommended by health professionals and organizations. ARS-1620 supplier Among them, the safe wearing of facemasks has played a vital role in reducing the likelihood and severity of infectious respiratory disease transmission. The reported research in facemasks has covered many of their material types, fabrication techniques, mechanism characterization, and application aspects. However, in more recent times, the focus has shifted toward the theoretical investigations of fluid flow mechanisms involved in the virus-laden particles’ prevention by using facemasks. This exciting research domain aims to address the complex fluid transport that led to designing a facemask with a better performance. This Review discusses the recent updates on fluid flow dynamics through the facemasks. Key design aspects such as thermal comfort and flow resistance are discussed. Furthermore, the recent progress in the investigations on the efficacy of facemasks for the prevention of COVID-19 spread and the impact of wearing facemasks is presented.

Role reversal or boundary dissolution (BD) refers to the breakdown of expected parent-child roles and poses risk to development. Although retrospective reports in adulthood demonstrates that the emotional aspects of BD negatively influence self-concept, examination of BD in early childhood typically focuses on BD broadly as a reversal of parent-child roles rather than isolating the emotional aspects of BD. In addition, empirical work has yet to distinguish between mother and child engagement in BD despite the strong theoretical emphasis on this distinction.

We coded (N = 110 mother-child dyads) mother and child (age 3-6 years) engagement in role reversal during play and in emotional BD during mother-child reminiscing discussions to isolate emotional BD.

Child engagement in BD was associated across the contexts of play and mother-child emotional conversations whereas there was no association between maternal engagement in BD across these contexts. We examined associations between mother and child engagement in emotional BD and the extent to which child self-concept was consistent. Maternal engagement in emotional BD during reminiscing emerged as a significant predictor of less consistency in child self-concept in regression models including child engagement in emotional BD, role reversal in play, and child age.

Results provide empirical support for critical components of BD theory (e.g., salience of emotional BD, distinguishing parent versus child engagement in BD, impact on self-concept) and the measurement of these aspects of BD in future studies.

Results provide empirical support for critical components of BD theory (e.g., salience of emotional BD, distinguishing parent versus child engagement in BD, impact on self-concept) and the measurement of these aspects of BD in future studies.