We determined the effects of age and sleep deprivation on driving and spatial perception in a virtual reality environment. Twenty-two young (mean age 22 years, range 18-35) and 23 old (mean age 71 years, range 65-79) participants were tested after a normal night of sleep and a night of sleep deprivation. The participants drove a virtual car while responding to uni- and bilateral visual and auditory stimuli. Driving errors (crossing the lane borders), reaction times and accuracy to visual and auditory stimuli, performance in psychological tests, and subjective driving ability and tiredness were measured. Age had no effect on the number of driving errors, whereas sleep deprivation increased significantly especially the number of left lane border crossings. Age increased the number of stimulus detection errors, while sleep deprivation increased the number of errors particularly in the young and in the auditory modality as response omissions. Age and sleep deprivation together increased the number of response omissions in both modalities. Left side stimulus omissions suggest a bias to the right hemispace. The subjective evaluations were consistent with the objective measures. The psychological tests were more sensitive to the effects of age than to those of sleep deprivation. Driving simulation in a virtual reality setting is sensitive in detecting the effects of deteriorating factors on both driving and simultaneous spatial perception.

Potential use of many native, easily available vegetal materials for human consumption and value addition is not well recognized. Mulberry, being a traditional industrial crop rich in nutrients and nutraceuticals can be of great importance for the food industry. However, mulberry leaves are mainly being utilized in sericulture and are not exploited for their functional components. Thus, the selection of promising mulberry cultivars, rich in bioactive compounds, like resveratrol and 1-deoxynojirimycin, increase their potential use in functional foods.

Chlorogenic acid, myricetin and kaempferol were the major polyphenols present in the nine selected cultivars, in the range 0.001-0.086, 0.003-0.079 and 0.003-0.163 g kg

fresh weight (FW), respectively. Protocatechuic acid, epicatechin and rutin were predominantly present in cultivars V-1, G-2 and ML (0.103, 0.080 and 0.121 g kg

FW, respectively). Similarly, resveratrol and 1-deoxynojirimycin were highest in cultivars ML and K-2 (0.078 and 0.079 g kg

FW, respectively). Leaf extracts of cultivars G-2 and ML were able to effectively inhibit the violacein production with 64.08% and 70.04%, respectively at the concentration of 6mg mL

presumably due to a higher content of polyphenols. Chemometric evaluation of chromatographic data showed the intraspecific variability and secondary metabolite co-existence in different cultivars.

Considering phytoconstituents, cultivars G-2, ML, K-2 and V-1 could contribute efficiently to the rational utilization of mulberry in agro-food industries. Furthermore, cultivars G-2 and ML leaves can be a new source of quorum sensing inhibitory agents. © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry.

Considering phytoconstituents, cultivars G-2, ML, K-2 and V-1 could contribute efficiently to the rational utilization of mulberry in agro-food industries. Furthermore, cultivars G-2 and ML leaves can be a new source of quorum sensing inhibitory agents. © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry.

Cooked meat is a good source of high-quality protein. However, during long-term cooking of meat, radical-induced lipid and protein oxidation may lead to the formation of poisonous compounds, such as heterocyclic amines (HAs). This work investigated a testing method for HAs and it describes that cooking temperature, cooking time and repeated cooking times have influences on the overall quality of braised sauce beef and the effect of HAs formation.

The improved method has a good separation effect on nine kinds of HAs. The average recovery of HAs at two spiked levels is between 51.70% and 88.25% (n=6). The detection limit is 0.025-0.060 ng g

, and the limit of quantitation is 0.070-0.160 ng g

. Only harman and norharman were detected in samples. Cooking time and cooking temperature will affect the quality and HA content of samples. AZD3965 concentration When the braised sauce beef soup was cooked 20 times, the HA content was the highest – as high as 21.43 ng g

. The more times the beef was cooked repeatedly, the higher was the HA content. Under different cooking conditions, glucose has a significant effect on the formation of β-carboline.

We have established a detection method for HAs with good repeatability and accuracy. HAs were more easily formed in braised sauce beef by high temperature, long heating and repeated brine cooking. © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry.

We have established a detection method for HAs with good repeatability and accuracy. HAs were more easily formed in braised sauce beef by high temperature, long heating and repeated brine cooking. © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry.

Chromium and cobalt are important skin sensitizers. It has, however, been difficult to identify causative exposures. Studies on nickel allergy have demonstrated piercing as critical for both sensitization and elicitation. It may be speculated that the same applies for chromium and cobalt.

To examine the content and release of chromium and cobalt from earrings randomly purchased in Denmark.

Three hundred four earrings were examined with x-ray fluorescence (XRF) spectrometry. Earrings with measured content of chromium or cobalt were spot tested with diphenylcarbazide spot test (n=166) or Nitroso-R spot-test (n=99), respectively. Chromium and cobalt release were quantified in a selected subsample (n=100) with the artificial sweat test (EN 1811).

Chromium was present in 54.6% (166/304) of earrings and cobalt was present in 72.0% (219/304),- measured by XRF. All chromium spot tests for chromium VI were negative. The cobalt spot test was positive for one component. Chromium release was found from 59/100 (median concentration=-0.06 μg/cm

/week) and cobalt release from 29/100 (median concentration=-0.06 μg/cm

/week) of earrings in tested subsample.

Earrings for piercing release chromium and cobalt and may on a case basis be a source of chromium and cobalt allergy.

Earrings for piercing release chromium and cobalt and may on a case basis be a source of chromium and cobalt allergy.