Marine invertebrates are provided as a first feed for marine fish larvae because of their strict nutritional requirements, despite also being a potential source of infectious agents.

To assess horizontal transmission of a nervous necrosis virus reassortant strain (NNV) to sole larvae via

and rotifers.

Rotifer (

) and

(

) nauplii cultures were bath infected with a reassortant (RGNNV/SJNNV) NNV strain isolated from gilthead sea bream and viral internalisation was confirmed by IFA. Senegalese sole (

) larvae were fed on infected

and disease signs and mortality were recorded. In addition, NNV viability was checked in cultures of either unfed invertebrates or invertebrates fed on phytoplankton and in the supernatant of microalgae cultures. All samples were tested by RT-qPCR and inoculation in cell culture.

Both rotifers and

internalised NNV. Experimental transmission to sole larvae was achieved using infected

and subsequently 60% mortality was recorded. At 24 h post-infection, orally infected individuals contained 9.34 × 10

copies of viral RNA, whereas the bath infection yielded 2.05 × 10

RNA copies larvae

. Viral presence in both invertebrates was detected up to 8 days post infection but viral load decreased over time. Feeding with microalgae decreased viral detection even more and microalgae supernatants were demonstrated to significantly affect NNV viability.

Our results demonstrate that both invertebrates can bioaccumulate NNV and that Senegalese sole larvae fed on infected

might develop viral encephalopathy and retinopathy and high mortality.

Our results demonstrate that both invertebrates can bioaccumulate NNV and that Senegalese sole larvae fed on infected Artemia might develop viral encephalopathy and retinopathy and high mortality.Rock climbing has become a mainstream sport, contested on the Olympic stage. The work/rest pattern of bouldering is unique among disciplines, and little is known about its physiological demands. This study characterized the cardiorespiratory responses to simulated competition. Eleven elite boulderers (7 male) volunteered to participate (age=23.3±4.5 y; mass=68.2±9.7 kg; stature=1.73±0.06 m; bodyfat %=10.4±5%). Subjects completed incremental treadmill running exercise to determine maximal capacities. On a separate day, they undertook a simulated Olympic-style competition comprising five boulder problems, each separated by 5-min rest. Pulmonary ventilation, gas exchange, and heart rate were assessed throughout. Total climbing time was 18.9±2.7 min. Bouldering elicited a peak V̇O2 of 35.8±7.3 mL∙kg-1∙min-1 (~75% of treadmill maximum) and a peak heart rate of 162±14 b∙min-1 (~88% of maximum). selleckchem Subjects spent 22.9±8.6% of climbing time above the gas exchange threshold. At exercise cessation, there was an abrupt and significant increase in tidal volume (1.4±0.4 vs. 1.8±0.4 L; p=0.006, d=0.83) despite unchanged minute ventilation. Cardiorespiratory parameters returned to baseline within 4 min of the rest period. Competitive bouldering elicits substantial cardiorespiratory demand and evidence of tidal volume constraint. Further studies are warranted to explore the effect of cardiorespiratory training on climbing performance. Novelty bullets • Competitive bouldering evokes a high fraction of V̇O2max and prolonged periods above the GET • Climbing appears to impose a constraint on tidal volume expansion • Cardiorespiratory indices in elite climbers return to baseline within 2-4 min.

Serological markers are important in the diagnosis of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and other connective tissues diseases This study explored the clinical value of collagen triple helix repeat containing-1 (CTHRC1) and 14-3-3η protein, compared to routine markers, in the diagnosis of RA.

We recruited 103 RA patients, 105 non-RA patients (osteoarthritis, ankylosing spondylitis, systemic lupus erythematosus) and 59 healthy controls. CTHRC1, 14-3-3η, anti-cyclic citrullinated peptide antibody (anti-CCP), anti-mutated citrullinated vimentin antibody (anti-MCV), rheumatoid factor and erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) levels were measured, and their diagnostic value for RA evaluated and compared.

All laboratory indices were elevated in RA (

<0.05). Of these, anti-MCV had the highest sensitivity (86.4%) and anti-CCP the highest specificity (94.5%). The areas under the curve (AUC) of CTHRC1, 14-3-3η, anti-CCP, anti-MCV, rheumatoid factor and ESR were 0.84, 0.81, 0.89, 0.91, 0.85 and 0.77 respectively (all

<0.01). Anti-CCP and anti-MCV were the most valuable in the diagnosis of RA. The combination of anti-CCP and anti-MCV had the maximum Youden index, followed by the combination of anti-CCP and 14-3-3η. Binary logistic regression analysis showed that 14-3-3η had the largest odds ratio value (95% CI) at 5.1 (2.1-12.5) for RA.

CTHRC1 and 14-3-3η are promising serological indicators of RA, and when combined with anti-CCP, anti-MCV and ESR, can improve the diagnosis of this disease.

CTHRC1 and 14-3-3η are promising serological indicators of RA, and when combined with anti-CCP, anti-MCV and ESR, can improve the diagnosis of this disease.Sepsis and cancer share a number of pathophysiological features and both result from the inability of the host’s immune system to cope with the initial insult, respectively tissue invasion by pathogens or malignant cell transformation. The common coexistence of both disorders and the profound related alterations in immune homeostasis raise the question of their mutual impact on each other’s course. This translational review aims at discussing the interactions between cancer and sepsis supported by clinical data and the translation to experimental models. The dramatic improvement in cancer has come at a cost of increased risks of life-threatening infectious complications. Investigating the long-term outcome of sepsis survivors has revealed an unexpected susceptibility to cancer long after discharge from intensive care unit. Nonetheless it is noteworthy that an acute septic episode may harbor anti-tumoral properties under particular circumstances. Relevant double-hit animal models have provided clues to whether and how a bacterial sepsis may impact on malignant tumor growth.