4/100 PY (95%CI;11.5-30.7). In multivariate analysis, “Injecting more than twice daily” was associated with HCV seroconversion with an adjusted odds ratio of 5.8 (95%CI;1.8-18.1). In Hai Phong, in a context that demonstrates the effectiveness of HIV control programs, the HCV incidence remains high. New strategies such as mass access to HCV treatment should be evaluated in order to tackle HCV transmission among PWID.Multiple lines of evidence indicate that immune system dysfunction has a role in Parkinson disease (PD); this evidence includes clinical and genetic associations between autoimmune disease and PD, impaired cellular and humoral immune responses in PD, imaging evidence of inflammatory cell activation and evidence of immune dysregulation in experimental models of PD. However, the mechanisms that link the immune system with PD remain unclear, and the temporal relationships of innate and adaptive immune responses with neurodegeneration are unknown. Despite these challenges, our current knowledge provides opportunities to develop immune-targeted therapeutic strategies for testing in PD, and clinical studies of some approaches are under way. In this Review, we provide an overview of the clinical observations, preclinical experiments and clinical studies that provide evidence for involvement of the immune system in PD and that help to define the nature of this association. We consider autoimmune mechanisms, central and peripheral inflammatory mechanisms and immunogenetic factors. We also discuss the use of this knowledge to develop immune-based therapeutic approaches, including immunotherapy that targets α-synuclein and the targeting of immune mediators such as inflammasomes. We also consider future research and clinical trials necessary to maximize the potential of targeting the immune system.A basic question in cognitive neuroscience is how sensory stimuli are processed within and outside of conscious awareness. In the past decade, CFS has become the most popular tool for investigating unconscious visual processing, although the exact nature of some of the underlying mechanisms remains unclear. Here, we investigate which kind of random noise is optimal for CFS masking, and whether the addition of visible edges to noise patterns affects suppression duration. We tested noise patterns of various density as well as composite patterns with added edges, and classic Mondrian masks as well as phase scrambled (edgeless) Mondrian masks for comparison. We find that spatial pink noise (1/F noise) achieved the longest suppression of the tested random noises, however classic Mondrian masks are still significantly more effective in terms of suppression duration. Further analysis reveals that global contrast and general spectral similarity between target and mask cannot account for this difference in effectiveness.Introduction Newcastle University School of Dental Sciences (NUSDS) and Indiana University School of Dentistry in the United States of America (IUSD) are like-minded institutions committed to civic engagement. Over the last 15 years, both universities have built civic engagement into the dental curricula, however each institution operates within significantly different healthcare systems.Aim Co-development of unique collaborative dental education; the first UK/US educational exchange programme engaged with the dental student community.Design A dental educational exchange was developed enabling NUSDS and IUSD students to learn alongside each other within dental and community settings in both countries. Students participate in a unique face-to-face collaborative and interdisciplinary education programme within respective dental schools and by a series of video conferences scheduled before on-site visits. They gain mutual awareness of delivery, access to care and possible barriers facing patients relating to the oral healthcare systems in England, the state of Indiana and the USA. Logistical considerations were significant, aided by scoping visits to the respective partner school and video conferencing. Planning encompassed timetable restrictions, scheduling student video conferences, students’ clinical access/observerships, occupational health clearances, overall educational content, student/staff evaluation and potential areas for education research.Conclusions Currently in its fourth year, this is a unique example of a collaborative educational exchange between the UK and USA.Introduction Abstract presentations at scientific meetings provide a platform to share and discuss new research. It would be desirable if the abstracts were subsequently published in peer-reviewed journals as this is the most accepted method to allow the dissemination of scientific research.Aims To determine the publication rate of abstracts presented at the International Association for Dental Research (IADR) general sessions in 2014 and 2015, and factors involved from presentation to publication.Design A systematic search of PubMed and Google Scholar databases was performed of the abstracts identified. Abstract titles, author’s last name and key words were used to identify whether an abstract resulted in a publication. Abstracts published in full-length articles were then analysed.Results There were a total number of 5,847 abstracts presented at 2014 and 2015 IADR general sessions. Androgen Receptor Antagonist supplier 60.9% of posters presented and 72.1% of oral presentations were consecutively published as a full-length article. The average publication rate of abstracts was 63.3%. USA had the highest number of published abstracts with a publication rate of 64.9%, followed by Brazil and Japan which had 62.3% and 67.9%, respectively. The mean time from presentation to publication was 13 months.Conclusion There is scope for further guidance to ensure scientific work is properly disseminated and published.Aims In previously published work a calibration tool used within the Department of Oral Surgery, King’s College Dental Hospital London, identified a consensus of 68% in classifying levels of complexity of cases as per NHS England’s Guide for Commissioning Oral Surgery and Oral Medicine. The authors postulated that the same challenges in triaging patients would be experienced by clinicians working in less supported environments. A pilot survey attempted to ascertain the level of compliance with the commissioning framework on a national scale.Materials and methods Twenty cases treated at the Department of Oral Surgery, King’s College Dental Hospital London, were identified for inclusion. Radiographs and case histories were compiled within an online questionnaire and circulated via NHS email links and online e-questionnaire platforms. Results were analysed by a specialty registrar and consultant in oral surgery.Results One hundred and fifty-four responses were received. An average of 66.2% responses received were in agreement with the predetermined answers of the survey.