In amnion group, 8 patients exhibited relapse in the first month and 2 patients in three months after surgery; in chitosan group, 23 women exhibited relapse in the first month and 18 patients in three months after surgery. Statistical analysis revealed that the recurrence rate of adhesion in amnion group was significantly lower than those of chitosan group in the first and three months after surgery (P 1  = 0.000, P 2  = 0.000). After TCRA, fresh amnion graft plays a significant role in preventing further adhesions than injections of chitosan. © 2020 Chongqing Medical University. Production and hosting by Elsevier B.V.Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is the major cause of high mortality and disability rates worldwide. Pioglitazone is an activator of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma (PPARγ) that can reduce inflammation following TBI. Clinically, neuroinflammation after TBI lacks effective treatment. Although there are many studies on PPARγ in TBI animals, only few could be converted into clinical, since TBI mechanisms in humans and animals are not completely consistent. The present study, provided a potential theoretical basis and therapeutic target for neuroinflammation treatment after TBI. First, we detected interleukin-6 (IL-6), nitric oxide (NO) and Caspase-3 in TBI clinical specimens, confirming a presence of a high expression of inflammatory factors. Western blot (WB), quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) and immunohistochemistry (IHC) were used to detect PPARγ, IL-6, and p-NF-κB to identify the mechanisms of neuroinflammation. Then, in the rat TBI model, neurobehavioral and cerebral edema levels were investigated after intervention with pioglitazone (PPARγ activator) or T0070907 (PPARγ inhibitor), and PPARγ, IL-6 and p-NF-κB were detected again by qRT-PCR, WB and immunofluorescence (IF). The obtained results revealed that 1) increased expression of IL-6, NO and Caspase-3 in serum and cerebrospinal fluid in patients after TBI, and decreased PPARγ in brain tissue; 2) pioglitazone could improve neurobehavioral and reduce brain edema in rats after TBI; 3) the protective effect of pioglitazone was achieved by activating PPARγ and reducing NF-κB and IL-6. The neuroprotective effect of pioglitazone on TBI was mediated through the PPARγ/NF-κB/IL-6 pathway. © 2019 Chongqing Medical University. Production and hosting by Elsevier B.V.Propofol is widely used as an intravenous drug for induction and maintenance in general anesthesia. Hypoxemia is a common complication during perianesthesia. We want to know the effect of propofol on spatial memory and LTP (Long-term potentiation) under hypoxic conditions. In this study, 84 seven-day-old Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly assigned into six groups (n = 14)-four control groups lipid emulsion solvent + 50% oxygen (CO), lipid emulsion solvent + room air (CA), lipid emulsion solvent + 18% oxygen (CH), and propofol + 50% oxygen (propofol-oxygen, PO); and two experiment groups propofol + room air (propofol-air, PA), and propofol + 18% oxygen (propofol-hypoxia, PH). After receiving propofol (50 mg/kg) or the same volume of intralipid intraperitoneal (5.0 ml/kg), injected once per day for seven consecutive days, the rats were exposed to 18% oxygen, 50% oxygen and air, until recovery of the righting reflex. We found that the apoptotic index and activated caspase-3 increased in the PH group (P  less then  0.05) compared with the PA group, fEPSP (field excitatory postsynaptic) potential and success induction rate of LTP reduced in all propofol groups (P  less then  0.05). Compared with the PO group, the fEPSP and success induction rate of LTP reduced significantly in the PA and PH groups (P  less then  0.05). Moreover, compared with CH group, the average time of escape latency was longer, and the number of platform location crossings was significantly reduced in the PH group (P  less then  0.05). Thus, we believe that adequate oxygen is very important during propofol anesthesia. © 2019 Chongqing Medical University. Production and hosting by Elsevier B.V.Bone morphogenetic protein 9 (BMP9) (or GDF2) was originally identified from fetal mouse liver cDNA libraries. Emerging evidence indicates BMP9 exerts diverse and pleiotropic functions during postnatal development and in maintaining tissue homeostasis. However, the expression landscape of BMP9 signaling during development and/or in adult tissues remains to be analyzed. Here, we conducted a comprehensive analysis of the expression landscape of BMP9 and its signaling mediators in postnatal mice. By analyzing mouse ENCODE transcriptome datasets we found Bmp9 was highly expressed in the liver and detectable in embryonic brain, adult lungs and adult placenta. We next conducted a comprehensive qPCR analysis of RNAs isolated from major mouse tissues/organs at various ages. We found that Bmp9 was highly expressed in the liver and lung tissues of young adult mice, but decreased in older mice. Interestingly, Bmp9 was only expressed at low to modest levels in developing bones. BMP9-associated TGFβ/BMPR type I receptor Alk1 was highly expressed in the adult lungs. Furthermore, the feedback inhibitor Smads Smad6 and Smad7 were widely expressed in mouse postnatal tissues. However, the BMP signaling antagonist noggin was highly expressed in fat and heart in the older age groups, as well as in kidney, liver and lungs in a biphasic fashion. Thus, our findings indicate that the circulating BMP9 produced in liver and lungs may account for its pleiotropic effects on postnatal tissues/organs although possible roles of BMP9 signaling in liver and lungs remain to be fully understood. © 2019 Chongqing Medical University. Production and hosting by Elsevier B.V.Extracellular vesicles (EVs) such as microvesicles (MIVs) play an important role in intercellular communications. MIVs are small membrane vesicles sized 100-1000 nm in diameter that are released by many types of cells, such as mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), tumor cells and adipose-derived stem cells (ADSC). As EVs can carry out autocrine and paracrine functions by controlling multiple cell processes, it is conceivable that EVs can be used as delivery vehicles for treating several clinical conditions, such as to improve cardiac angiogenesis after myocardial infarction (MI). Here, we seek to investigate whether ADSC-derived MIVs contain microRNAs that regulate angiogenesis and affect cell migration of endothelial cells. We first characterized the ADSC-derived MIVs and found that the MIVs had a size range of 100-300 nm, and expressed the MIV marker protein Alix. LY364947 We then analyzed the microRNAs in ADSCs and ADSC-derived MIVs and demonstrated that ADSC-derived MIVs selectively released a panel of microRNAs, several of which were related to angiogenesis, including two members of the let-7 family.