Of the 55 studies, only 17 (31%) reported checking for any co-occurring policies, although 36 (67%) used at least one approach that helps address policy co-occurrence. The most common approaches were adjusting for measures of co-occurring policies; defining the outcome on subpopulations likely to be affected by the policy of interest (but not other co-occurring policies); and selecting a less-correlated measure of policy exposure. As health research increasingly focuses on policy changes, we must systematically assess policy co-occurrence and apply analytic solutions to strengthen future studies on the health effects of social policies.Racial/ethnic discrimination may contribute to type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) risk, but few studies have prospectively examined this relationship among racially/ethnically diverse populations. We analyzed prospective data from 33,833 eligible Sister Study participants enrolled from 2003 to 2009. In a follow-up questionnaire (2008-2012), participants reported lifetime experiences of everyday and major forms of racial/ethnic discrimination. Self-reported physician diagnoses of T2DM were ascertained until September 2017. Hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were estimated using Cox proportional hazard models, overall and stratified by race/ethnicity. Mean age (standard deviation) at enrollment was 54.9 (8.8) years, 90% self-identified as non-Hispanic (NH)-White, 7% NH-Black, and 3% Hispanic/Latina. Over an average of 7 years of follow-up, there were 1,167 incident cases of T2DM. NH-Black women most frequently reported everyday (75%) and major (51%) racial/ethnic discrimination (vs. 4% and 2% [NH-White] and 32% and 16% [Hispanic/Latina]). While everyday discrimination was not associated, experiencing major discrimination was marginally associated with higher T2DM risk overall (HR=1.26 [95% CI0.99-1.61]) after adjustment for sociodemographic characteristics and body mass index. Associations were similar across racial/ethnic groups; however, racial/ethnic discrimination was more frequently reported among racial/ethnic minority women. Anti-discrimination efforts may help mitigate racial/ethnic disparities in T2DM risk.The standard first-line treatment for patients with human epidermal growth factor 2-positive metastatic breast cancer is a combination therapy of trastuzumab, pertuzumab and docetaxel, and the standard second-line treatment is trastuzumab emtansine. However, it may be difficult for the elderly to maintain sufficient intensity of treatment due to severe adverse events of trastuzumab, pertuzumab and docetaxel. The aim of this trial is to confirm the non-inferiority of trastuzumab emtansine over trastuzumab, pertuzumab and docetaxel in terms of overall survival in elderly (65-year-old or more) patients with human epidermal growth factor 2-positive metastatic breast cancer. If improved overall survival and fewer toxicities are observed, trastuzumab emtansine may be a feasible new standard first-line treatment for elderly patients with human epidermal growth factor 2-positive metastatic breast cancer. A planned total 330 patients will be enrolled from 45 institutions over 6.5 years. This trial has been registered in the UMIN Clinical Trials Registry as UMIN000030783 [http//www.umin.ac.jp/ctr/index.htm].Longitudinal data are necessary to reveal changes within the same individual as they age. However, rarely will a single cohort capture data throughout the lifespan. We describe in detail the steps needed to develop life-course trajectories from cohorts that cover different and overlapping periods of life. Such independent studies are likely from heterogenous populations which raises several challenges including data harmonisation (deriving new harmonised variables from differently measured variables by identifying common elements across all studies); systematically missing data (variables not measured are missing for all participants of a cohort); and model selection with differing age ranges and measurement schedules. Navitoclax We illustrate how to overcome these challenges using an example which examines the effects of parental education, sex, and ethnicity on weight trajectories. Data were from five prospective cohorts (Belarus and four UK regions), spanning from birth to early adulthood during differing calendar periods (1936-1964, 1972-1979, 1990-2012, 1996-2016, and 2007-2015). Key strengths of our approach include modelling trajectories over wide age ranges, sharing of information across studies and direct comparison of the same parts of the life-course in different geographical regions and time periods. We also introduce a novel approach of imputing individual-level covariates of a multilevel model with a nonlinear growth trajectory and interactions.This study describes the total synthesis of macaranin B, a naturally occurring ellagitannin containing 1-O-galloyl and 3,6-O-macaranoyl groups in an axial-rich D-glucose. The Key steps of the synthesis include an oxidative coupling reaction of galloyl groups with 1,2,4-orthoacetylglucose moiety and oxa-Michael addition/elimination using an orthoquinone monoketal. This facilitates the construction of the macaranoyl group and the first total synthesis of macaranin B.To measure COVID-19 disparities among racial/ethnically marginalized groups in hospitalization and ICU (Intensive Care Unit)-transfer pre/post implementation of the California statewide shelter-in-place (SIP) policy. A retrospective cohort study was conducted at a healthcare system in California. COVID-19 patients from 1/1/20-8/31/20 were identified from electronic health records. We examined hospitalizations and ICU transfers by race/ethnicity and pandemic period using logistic regression. Among 16,520 people with COVID-19 (mean [SD] age, 46.6 [18.4] years; 54.2% women); during the Post-SIP period, patients were on average younger and a larger proportion were Hispanic. In adjusted models, odds of hospitalization were 20% lower post-SIP compared to SIP, yet all non-White groups had higher odds (ORs 1.6-2.1) compared to Non-Hispanic White, regardless of period. Among hospitalized patients, odds of ICU transfer were 33% lower post-SIP versus SIP. Hispanic and Asian patients had higher odds compared to Non-Hispanic.