Importantly, key functions of these proteins and particularly sites of regulatory phosphorylation by cGKI should, at least in principle, remain intact even though upstream signaling via the second messenger cGMP is impaired or dysregulated in a stressed or diseased heart state.Adenoviral vectors are useful tools to manipulate a gene of interest in vitro and in vivo, including in the vascular system. The transduction efficiencies of adenoviral vectors in vascular cells such as endothelial cells (ECs) and vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) are known to be lower than those in epithelial cell types. The effective entry for adenoviral vectors is primarily mediated through the coxsackievirus and adenovirus receptor (CAR) which has been shown to be expressed in both cell types. Cationic liposomes have been used to enhance adenovirus transduction efficiency in non-epithelial cells. Accordingly, the aim of this study is to obtain new information regarding differences in, transduction efficiencies, cationic liposome sensitivity, and CAR expression between ECs and VSMCs. Using cultured rat aortic ECs and VSMCs, here, we have compared transduction efficiency of adenovirus with or without inclusion of liposomes and CAR expression. A significant increase in basal transduction efficiency was observed in ECs compared to VSMCs. Cationic liposome polybrene enhanced transduction efficiency in VSMCs, whereas decreased efficiency was observed in ECs. Western blotting demonstrated expression of CAR in ECs but not VSMCs. Proteomic analysis as well as mouse aorta immunostaining further suggest significant expression of CAR in ECs but not in VSMCs. In conclusion, adenovirus can effectively transduce the gene of interest in aortic ECs likely due to abundant expression of CAR, whereas cationic liposomes such as polybrene enhance the transduction efficiency in VSMCs lacking CAR expression.Chrysin (CH) is the main ingredient of many medicinal plants. Our previous study showed that CH could suppress hypoxia-induced PASMC proliferation and alleviate chronic hypoxia-induced pulmonary hypertension (CHPH) by targeting SOCE- [Ca]i pathway. In this study, we investigated the effect of CH on MCT-induced pulmonary hypertension (MCTPH) and the mechanism behnd it. Results show that, in MCTPH model rats, 1) CH significantly reduced the enhancement of right ventricular pressure, right ventricular hypertrophy, and pulmonary vascular remodeling; 2) CH markedly suppressed the promotion of SOCE and [Ca]i in PASMCs and 3) CH obviously inhibited the MCT-upregulated PCNA, TRPC1, TRPC4 and TRPC6 expression in distal pulmonary arteries. These results demonstrate that CH likely alleviates MCTPH by targeting TRPC1,4,6-SOCE-[Ca]i pathway.BACKGROUND Add-on therapy with prostacyclin in pediatric refractory pulmonary hypertension poses a challenge, especially when considering continuous intravenous administration in younger children. A search for alternate routes of drug delivery has led to the clinical investigation of stable and long-acting prostacyclin analogues, such as subcutaneous treprostinil. We reported two pediatric cases of pulmonary hypertension treated with subcutaneous treprostinil and reviewed the literature on treprostinil use in children. METHOD The literature review used three electronic databases and a combination of terms (treprostinil, pediatric, pulmonary hypertension, prostanoid, etc.). We also searched for pediatric clinical trials on treprostinil registered on international clinical trial registries. RESULTS The reported cases highlighted the multifactorial nature of pulmonary hypertension in pediatrics a female child with a giant omphalocele, and intra and extracardiac shunts; and a male premature child with a congenital diaphragmatic hernia and long-term pulmonary hypertension. The literature review identified 19 studies reporting treprostinil use in 421 children with various types of pulmonary hypertension (groups 1 and 3). Subcutaneous treprostinil was the most administered formulation, at a mean dose of 40 ng/kg/min. Overall, 12 clinical trials on treprostinil for children with pulmonary hypertension were registered on the clinical trial registries. Most authors concluded that subcutaneous treprostinil was effective, well tolerated, and represented an alternative to intravenous epoprostenol. this website CONCLUSION Subcutaneous treprostinil may be a useful adjunct in the therapeutic algorithm for children with severe pulmonary hypertension, refractory to oral drugs, and after a complete check-up for all pulmonary hypertension etiologies.The pathogenesis of cardiorenal syndrome (CRS) is very complex, and currently there is no effective treatment for CRS. Higenamine (HI) has been shown to improve cardiac function in rats with heart failure. However, the role of higenamine in CRS remains unknown. Here, in vitro, higenamine treatment markedly reduced neonatal rat cardiac fibroblast (NCF) collagen synthesis and inhibited neonatal rat cardiac myocyte (NCM) hypertrophy. In our study, a rat model of type 2 cardiorenal syndrome was induced by left anterior descending coronary artery ligation combined with 5/6 subtotal nephrectomy (STNx). Higenamine treatment decreased serum creatinine (Scr), blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and brain natriuretic peptide (BNP) levels and was capable of improving left ventricular remodeling and systolic function in CRS rats, accompanied with decreased expression of transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1), α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) and collagen I (Col1A1). Moreover, higenamine significantly inhibited the protein expression of phosphorylated apoptosis signal-regulated kinase 1 (p-ASK1) and downstream Mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK) (ERK, P38)/NF-κB in cardiorenal tissues of CRS rats and NCF/NCM cells. Our study demonstrated that higenamine improved cardiorenal function in CRS rats and attenuated heart and kidney fibrosis possibly via targeting ASK1/MAPK (ERK, P38)/NF-κB signaling pathway. This finding extends our knowledge on the role of higenamine in cardiorenal fibrosis, providing a potential target to prevent the progression of CRS.