Among drugs in development and/or in market, there are poorly water-soluble and poorly lipid-soluble compounds. Rebamipide, classified into BCS class IV, is one of those drugs which provide very low bioavailability and/or the difficulty of formulation for oral administration. Because of its low solubility in available lipoidal excipients, it was impossible to prepare an adequate SNEDDS formulation of rebamipide. Then, we tried to increase the solubility of rebamipide in lipoidal excipients for preparing a more practical SNEDDS formulation by making the complex with its counter ion, tetrabutylphosphonium hydroxide (TBPOH) or NaOH. Rebamipide concentration in ethanol was proportionally increased with the increment of TBPOH or NaOH added, indicating that the formation of complex with a counter ion should contribute to the solubilization of rebamipide in ethanol. Both Rebamipide-TBPOH complex (Reb-TBPOH) and Rebamipide-NaOH complex (Reb-NaOH) obtained by lyophilization showed no endothermic peak in DSC and no dif complex successfully improved rebamipide absorption.The interaction between anticancer drugs and HSA may have a significant impact on the pharmacology and efficacy of drugs. Drugs change the binding properties of HSA by regulating the quenching mechanism, binding mode and binding affinity. In this study, the interactions of cisplatin (cDDP), HSA, and daphnoretin were elucidated by multi-spectroscopic analyses and docking simulation. Fluorescence quenching showed that cDDP could not change the static quenching mechanism of HSA-daphnoretin, but could enhance their binding affinity. Site competition experiments revealed that daphnoretin and cDDP both bound to site I, which was consistent with the results of molecular docking. Thermodynamic date indicated that cDDP and daphnoretin formed a more stable complex with HSA via hydrophobic, van der Waals interaction and hydrogen bond. Three-dimensional fluorescence and circular dichroism spectra showed that cDDP changed the conformation and micro-environment of HSA induced by daphnoretin. This work could provide valuable information for the binding properties and interaction among cDDP, daphnoretin and HSA, and put forward the possibility of using HSA as a multidrug carrier.

Ammoxetine is a novel selective serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor. Preclinical studies have indicated the potential utility of ammoxetine for therapy in major depressive disorder.

To investigate the first-in-human safety, tolerability, and pharmacokinetics (PK) of ammoxetine in healthy subjects and evaluate the effect of CYP2C19 polymorphisms on metabolism of ammoxetine.

In this randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled phase I study, healthy Chinese subjects were allocated to receive 2.5, 7.5, 15, 30, 45, 65, 100 mg ammoxetine or placebo in single-dose part and 15, 30, 45 mg ammoxetine or placebo twice daily for 8 days in multiple-dose part. Pharmacokinetic, safety and tolerability assessments were performed.

A total of 134 subjects were screened and 94 were enrolled. All the ammoxetine-related adverse events (AEs) were mild and resolved spontaneously. No hepatic AEs were reported during the study. Ammoxetine was well absorbed after oral administration with T

reached in 5.0-6.0 h. After single-dosing, C

and AUC increased proportionally with dose, except at 65 mg. After multiple-dosing, the exposures of ammoxetine at steady state increased slightly in a more-than-dose-proportional manner over the dose range studied, probably due to the saturated elimination. Steady state was achieved 6 days after multiple-dosing was initiated. The low extent of urinary excretion of ammoxetine (< 2%) indicated it is undergoing extensive metabolism. CYP2C19 polymorphisms had minimal effect on metabolism of ammoxetine.

Ammoxetine has a favorable pharmacokinetic profile after oral administration and good safety properties. Milciclib The PK and safety profiles of ammoxetine could enable further clinical development in patients with major depressive disorder.

Ammoxetine has a favorable pharmacokinetic profile after oral administration and good safety properties. The PK and safety profiles of ammoxetine could enable further clinical development in patients with major depressive disorder.Secnidazole (SEC) has been suggested as an alternative agent against Trichomonas vaginalis to overcome the adverse effects, antimicrobial resistance problems and poor adherence to the currently available therapy. Once no topical formulation may be found in the market until now, SEC was incorporated in thermosensitive bioadhesive systems to extend the contact time in the mucosa and to avoid a systemic drug disposition. Formulations containing 20% poloxamer 407, 1% poloxamer 188 and 1 or 2.5% chitosan showed suitable sol-gel transition temperature (> 30 °C), presenting a fast gelation time (100-115 s). Rheological, dynamic light scattering and infrared spectroscopy analysis suggested molecular interactions among polymers. Chitosan increased the mucoadhesion strength of the formulations. In addition, hydrogels showed a tendency to decrease the drug transport rate through mucosa when compared to the control. Mucin was also added onto mucosa for a more realistic simulation of permeability/retention. In the presence of this agent, hydrogels containing chitosan reduced the permeability/retention of the drug in approximately 2.0-fold when compared to the control. Therefore, the hydrogels presented suitable characteristics to remain in the vaginal environment, which would result in effective local treatment of trichomoniasis.Stress-induced activation of locus coeruleus (LC)-norepinephrine (NE) projections to the prefrontal cortex are thought to promote cognitive responses to stressors. LC activation by stressors is modulated by endogenous opioids that restrain LC activation and facilitate a return to baseline activity upon stress termination. Sex differences in this opioid influence could be a basis for sex differences in stress vulnerability. Consistent with this, we recently demonstrated that μ-opioid receptor (MOR) expression is decreased in the female rat LC compared to the male LC, and this was associated with sexually distinct consequences of activating MOR in the LC on cognitive flexibility. Given that the LC-NE system affects cognitive flexibility through its projections to the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC), the present study quantified and compared the effects of LC-MOR activation on mPFC neural activity in male and female rats. Local field potential (LFPs) were recorded from the mPFC of freely behaving male and female rats before and following local LC microinjection of the MOR agonist, DAMGO, or vehicle.