few hours, these had all mostly resolved.This study investigated the effects of long-term physical inactivity in adolescent on subsequent hindlimb unloading-induced muscle atrophy in rat soleus muscle. First, 3-wk-old male Wistar rats were assigned to an age-matched control (n = 6) or a physical inactivity (n = 8) group. Rats in the physical inactivity group were housed in narrow cages with approximately half the usual floor space for 8 wk to limit range of movement. Whole body energy consumption was measured, and the blood, organs, femoral bone, and hindlimb muscles were removed. We found that long-term physical inactivity did not affect the metabolic and physiological characteristics of growing rats. Then, fifty-six 3-wk-old male Wistar rats were assigned randomly into control (n = 28) and physical inactivity (n = 28) groups. After 8 wk, the rats in both groups underwent hindlimb unloading. The soleus muscles were removed before unloading (0 day), and 1, 3, and 7 days after unloading (n = 7 for each). Although the soleus muscle weight was significantly decreased after 7 days of hindlimb unloading in both groups, the decrease was drastic in the inactive group. A significant interaction between inactivity and unloading (P less then 0.01) was observed according to the 4-hydroxynonenal-conjugated protein levels and the histone deacetylase 4 (HDAC4) and NF-κB protein levels. HDAC4 and NF-κB p65 protein levels in the physical inactivity group increased significantly 1 day after hindlimb unloading, along with the mRNA levels of their downstream targets myogenin and muscle RING finger protein 1 (MuRF1). Saracatinib price Subsequent protein ubiquitination was upregulated by long-term physical inactivity (P less then 0.05).NEW & NOTEWORTHY Long-term physical inactivity exacerbates hindlimb unloading-induced disuse muscle atrophy in young rat soleus muscles, possibly mediated by oxidative stress-induced protein ubiquitination via HDAC4- and NF-κB p65-induced MuRF1 mRNA upregulation.We compared factors mediating motherhood experiences among Black nursing mothers living with HIV in two North American cities to one African city. Motherhood was measured with the Being a Mother Scale, and we compared their predictors between the two continents using difference in difference estimation within hierarchical linear modeling. Cultural beliefs congruent with infant feeding guidelines and social support had significant positive but differing effects on motherhood in the two continents. Perceived stress had significant negative impact on motherhood in the two continents. Due considerations to sociocultural contexts in policy development, HIV interventions and education of health care providers were recommended.Young people today grow up in a social landscape in which digital technology and social media are ubiquitous in daily life and interpersonal relations, including intimate (romantic and sexual) relationships. This study sought to study Filipino young people’s relationship motivations and contexts in the digital age. We found that digital technology and social media are transforming the way Filipino young people approach and behave in intimate relationships. Digital technology and social media are making it easier for young people to engage in social comparison with their peers and role models, expanding possibilities for social interaction, facilitating rapid relationship progression, and enabling digital togetherness and self-expression in a context where conservative religious and sociocultural norms and sexual double standards remain dominant. This social environment brings opportunities to engage in relationships in new ways but also exposure to risks that may lead to poor sexual and reproductive health outcomes. Our findings underscore the importance of comprehensive sexuality education in schools and at home, and highlight the need for critical dialogue about the social norms and stereotypes that perpetuate gender-based violence and inequality in online and offline spaces.SummaryPlatelets are the major cellular contributor to arterial thrombosis. However, activated platelets form two distinct subpopulations during thrombosis. Pro-aggregatory platelets aggregate to form the main body of the thrombus. In contrast, procoagulant platelets expose phosphatidylserine on their outer surface and promote thrombin generation. This apparently all-or-nothing segregation into subpopulations indicates that, during activation, platelets commit to becoming procoagulant or pro-aggregatory. Although the signaling pathways that control this commitment are not understood, distinct cytosolic and mitochondrial Ca2+ signals in different subpopulations are likely to be central. In this review, we discuss how these Ca2+ signals control procoagulant platelet formation and whether this process can be targeted pharmacologically to prevent arterial thrombosis.Among different cattle types, Bos indicus are known for their ability to better resist the tropical microbial infections comparatively, wherein MHC molecules play a significant role. In this study allelic diversity at MHC locus, DQA of Bos indicus, Bos taurus and crossbred of taurine-indicus has been explored to understand the possible role of MHC region in differential immune response. Thirty nine different DQA alleles were identified, out of which 14 were novel, along with documentation of duplication of DQA alleles. Indicus cattle population presented diverse types of DQA alleles compared to crossbred and exotic. Translated amino acid sequence analysis indicated, codon 64 and 50 of peptide binding sites being highly polymorphic and most of the indicus cattle presented alanine and arginine amino acid at position 64 and 50. Within breed genetic variation found to be higher than between breeds. Because of their ability to bind and subsequently respond to a wide array of antigens, the newly identified DQA alleles with high diversity present in the form of duplicated haplotypes in different combinations in cattle populations provided significant insights into probable role of this MHC locus in better tropical disease combating ability and genetic fitness of indicus cattle.