54±0.53ms and 2.51±0.44, SNCV was 55.93±6.09m/s and 55.93±5.24 and the sensory nerve action potential amplitude was 12.00±8.82µV and 11.72±6.24 in the left and right hand, respectively. Spearman correlations were used to determine the variables influenced by hand sidedness.

The normative reference parameters of sensory nerve conduction velocity of the median nerve were established by both methods using a standardized technique.

The normative reference parameters of sensory nerve conduction velocity of the median nerve were established by both methods using a standardized technique.

To alleviate different pain intensities, morphine administration has been extensively used. However, prolonged administration of morphine leads to a progressive decline of its analgesic effect which limits their overall utility. ROCK inhibitor Morphine tolerance is considered as a challenging issue for the treatment of both acute and chronic pain. We conducted this study in rats to investigate the effect of paroxetine on morphine tolerance when used preemptively or after morphine tolerance had developed.

Male Wistar rats (weight 250-300g, n=10) were used to evaluate the effects of paroxetine on tolerance to morphine. In order to induce tolerance, daily intraperitoneal injection of morphine (7mg/kg) was done. After tolerance induction, a group of animals received intraperitoneal injection of 10mg/kg paroxetine 30min prior to each morphine dose. In another trial, to investigate the potential of paroxetine to prevent tolerance to morphine, animals were pretreated with 10mg/kg paroxetine 30min before morphine administration. In the control groups, 10mL/kg of saline was injected. The behavioral test (tail-flick test) was done for all groups.

Our data showed that paroxetine significantly reversed tolerance to morphine when used after tolerance induction (p<0.001). However, administration of paroxetine before occurrence of tolerance had no effect.

We conclude that paroxetine could decrease tolerance to morphine when used after the occurrence of morphine tolerance, while it was not able to prevent morphine tolerance when administered preemptively.

IRIB.SBMU.MSP.REC.1394.098.

IRIB.SBMU.MSP.REC.1394.098.

Longer-acting gonadotropin-releasing hormone analogs (GnRHa) have been widely used for central precocious puberty (CPP) treatment. However, the follow-up of patients after this treatment are still scarce. Our aim was to describe anthropometric, metabolic, and reproductive follow-up of CPP patients after treatment with leuprorelin acetate 3-month depot (11.25 mg).

Twenty-two female patients with idiopathic CPP were treated with leuprorelin acetate 3-month depot (11.25mg). Their medical records were retrospectively evaluated regarding clinical, hormonal, and imaging aspects before, during, and after GnRHa treatment until adult height (AH).

At the diagnosis of CPP, the mean chronological age (CA) was 8.2±1.13year, and mean bone age (BA) was 10.4±1.4year. Mean height SDS at the start and the end of GnRHa treatment was 1.6±0.8 and 1.3±0.9, respectively. The mean duration of GnRHa treatment was 2.8±0.8year. Mean predicted adult heights (PAH) at the start and the end of GnRH treatment was 153.2±8.6 and 164.4±7.3cm, respectively (p<0.05). The mean AH was 163.2±6.2cm (mean SDS 0.1±1). All patients were within their target height (TH) range. There was a decrease in the percentage of overweight and obesity from the diagnosis until AH (39-19% p>0.05). At the AH, the insulin resistance and high LDL levels were identified in 3/17 patients (17.6%) and 2/21 patients (9.5%), respectively. The mean CA of menarche was 12.2±0.5years. At the AH, PCOS was diagnosed in one patient (4.8%).

Long-term anthropometric, metabolic, and reproductive follow-up of patients with CPP treated with longer-acting GnRHa revealed effectivity, safety, and favorable outcomes.

Long-term anthropometric, metabolic, and reproductive follow-up of patients with CPP treated with longer-acting GnRHa revealed effectivity, safety, and favorable outcomes.Our earliest tools are our bodies. Our hands raise and turn and toss and carry and push and pull, our legs walk and climb and kick allowing us to move and act in the world and to create the multitude of artifacts that improve our lives. The list of actions made by our hands and feet and other parts of our bodies is long. What is more remarkable is we turn those actions in the world into actions on thought through gestures, language, and graphics, thereby creating cognitive tools that expand the mind. The focus here is gesture; gestures transform actions on perceptible objects to actions on imagined thoughts, carrying meaning with them rapidly, precisely, and directly. We review evidence showing that gestures enhance our own thinking and change the thought of others. We illustrate the power of gestures in studies showing that gestures uniquely change conceptions of time, from sequential to simultaneous, from sequential to cyclical, and from a perspective embedded in a timeline to an external perspective looking on a timeline, and by so doing obviate the ambiguities of an embedded perspective. We draw parallels between representations in gesture and in graphics; both use marks or actions arrayed in space to communicate more immediately than symbolic language.

People with end-stage renal disease (ESRD) often require either the formation ofan arteriovenousfistula (AVF) or an interposition prostheticarteriovenousgraft (AVG) for haemodialysis. These access sites should ideally have a long life and a low rate of complications (e.g. thrombosis, infection, stenosis, aneurysm formation and distal limb ischaemia). Although some of the complications may be unavoidable, any adjuvant technique or medical treatment aimed at decreasing complications would be welcome. This is the fourth update of the review first published in 2003.

To assess the effects of adjuvant drug treatment in people with ESRD on haemodialysis via autologous AVFs or prosthetic interposition AVGs.

The Cochrane Vascular Information Specialist searched the Cochrane Vascular Specialised Register, CENTRAL, MEDLINE, Embase and CINAHL databases and ClinicalTrials.gov trials register to 6 August 2020.

Randomised controlled trials of active drug versus placebo in people with ESRD undergoing haemodialysis via an AVF or prosthetic interposition AVG.