A short synthetic route to a small library of aminocyclitols 14·HCl-19·HCl has been elaborated from the common shikimic acid-derived scaffolds 20 and 21. The developed strategy features three oxidative processes ‒ ozonolysis, dihydroxylation and epoxidation ‒ as the key transformations. The stereochemistry of the newly created stereocentres was confirmed either via crystallographic analysis or by means of NOESY experiments conducted on advanced intermediates. Glycosidase inhibition study revealed no glucosidase inhibition and only weak inhibitory activity against recombinant Drosophila melanogaster Golgi mannosidase (GMIIb).Human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs) are a family of structurally distinct carbohydrate oligomers present in human milk. HMOs protect breastfed babies against infection and promote the development of infant health and cognition. In the gut, fucosylated HMOs in particular function as decoy receptors that intercept epithelial attachment of enteric pathogens and hence help reduce infection. Infant formulae made from bovine milk are essentially devoid of HMOs, which creates a large impetus for biosynthetic production of HMOs. Certain microbial α-L-fucosidases (EC 3.2.1.51, EC 3.2.1.111), specifically various retaining α-L-fucosidases of glycoside hydrolase family 29 (GH29), are capable of catalysing transfucosylation. The use of GH29 α-L-fucosidases to promote transfucosylation reactions thus represents a strategy for biocatalytic synthesis of fucosylated HMOs. The purpose of this review is to present the current knowledge on the use of such α-L-fucosidases for synthesis of fucosylated HMOs by enzymatic transfucosylation. We summarize the available data obtained for both wild type and engineered microbial α-L-fucosidases, discuss enzyme and substrate sources, and review factors governing transglycosylation performance, particularly the use of protein engineering. Selleckchem ABT-199 We describe the mechanistic reaction details of α-l-fucosidase transfucosylation, and examine details of enzyme mutation strategies promoting transfucosylation. Finally, we list recommendations for future reaction targets based on currently abundant substrate sources.Two D-π-A-π-D type solvatochromic fluorescence probes (JT1 and JT2) based on triphenylamine have been synthesized. The photophysical and electrochemical properties of these probes as well as their solvatochromic behavior were studied. The Stokes shifts of JT1 and JT2 reach 175 nm (6417.0 cm-1) and 218.6 nm (9916.7 cm-1) in the acetonitrile solution, respectively. There is an excellent linear correlation between the Stokes shifts and the ET (30) solvent polarity values in different solvents. The high responsiveness of JT1 and JT2 to solvent polarity makes them promising candidates for solvatochromic fluorescence probes, especially for the detection of the polarity of non-proton solvents or the content of water in tetrahydrofuran.Experimental spectra of Müller cell (MC) intermediate filaments (IFs) isolated from porcine retina are reported in this work. The absorption spectra recorded at different MC IF concentrations were used to estimate their absorption cross-sections at different wavelengths. The average absorption cross-section of a single MC IF was ca. (0.97 … 2.01) × 10-10 cm2 in the 650-445 nm spectral range. To interpret these experimental absorption spectra, we made ab initio calculations of the optical spectra of α-helix polypeptides, and also used a simplified theoretical approach that modeled an IF by a conductive wire. The energy spectra of the refractive index, extinction coefficient (absorption cross-section), energy loss and reflectivity functions for different photon polarizations, with strong anisotropy with respect to the system axis, were calculated ab initio for polyglycine α-helix molecule containing 1000 glycine residues. Strong anisotropy of these parameters was explained by photons interacting with different ism of high-contrast vision of vertebrate eyes.The simultaneous detection of K+ and Tl+ can serve as a toxicological diagnostic tool for thallium poisoning. Colorimetric-reaction-based nanoprobes have emerged as promising sensors for the rapid and ultrasensitive detection of molecular species in simple systems. However, the development of viable screening tools for multicomponent analysis in complex systems remains challenging owing to interference from coexisting materials in the media. Herein, a simple chemical sensor array based on the peroxidase-like activity of gold nanoparticles modified with single-stranded DNA (AuNPs-ssDNA) and chemometrics was developed for the simultaneous detection of K+ and Tl+ in aqueous solutions and serum. The use of a K+ adapter conferred high selectivity to the developed method. Optimized AuNPs-ssDNAs were used to construct a sensor array, which together with chemometrics provided fingerprints that can facilitate the simultaneous analysis of multiple components. The developed colorimetric reaction in combination with the chemometrics assay was directly used as a biosensor array, which exhibited detection limits of 107.33 nM for K+ and 19.26 nM for Tl+. The developed method could potentially serve as a diagnostic technique for investigating thallium poisoning and toxicology.Background Wii-based interventions have shown significant benefits in motor learning for children with developmental coordination disorder (DCD); however, studies comparing the effects of Wii interventions versus matched non-Wii interventions, such as task-specific training (TST), are scarce. Objective We compared motor learning in children with DCD who participated in 12 sessions of Wii-based training and those participating in 12 closely matched non-Wii TST sessions as well as when the highest improvements in performance occurred. Methods In total, 32 children with DCD (16 per group) were randomly allocated to receive the Wii intervention or TST during 12 sessions. Motor learning was assessed in 3 consecutive phases during the intervention and was determined by the mean of the games scores obtained in the (1) first 4 sessions, (2) intermediate 4 sessions, and (3) last 4 sessions. Six different tasks (table tennis, frisbee, archery, bowling, tightrope walking/balance beam, and marble balance/balance disc) were performed in every session.