The frequency of two follicular waves was greater in HED than LED (11/12 vs 6/11; 92.7% vs 54.5%). In conclusion, an acute increase in dietary energy altered not only growth rate of the dominant follicle but also follicular wave pattern in heifers by increasing frequency of two follicular waves. The hypotheses were supported that an acute increase in dietary energy (1) prolongs growth period of dominant follicles and (2) alters follicular wave pattern in heifers.Serum anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH) levels decrease after surgical treatment of ovarian endometrioma. This is the main reason that surgery for ovarian endometrioma endometriosis is not recommended before in vitro fertilization, unless the patient has severe pain or suspected malignant cysts. Furthermore, it has been suggested that ovarian endometrioma itself damages ovarian reserve. This raises two important challenges (1) determining how to prevent surgical damage to the ovarian reserve in women with ovarian endometrioma and severe pain requiring surgical treatment and (2) deciding the best treatment for women with ovarian endometrioma without pain, who do not wish to conceive immediately. The mechanisms underlying the decline in ovarian reserve are potentially induced by both ovarian endometrioma and surgical injury but the relative contribution of each process has not been determined. Data obtained from various animal models and human studies suggest that hyperactivation of dormant primordial follicles caused by the local microenvironment of ovarian endometrioma (mechanical and/or chemical cues) is the main factor responsible for the decreased primordial follicle numbers in women with ovarian endometrioma. However, surgical injury also induces hyperactivation of dormant primordial follicles, which may further reduce ovarian reserve after removal of the endometriosis. Although further studies are required to elucidate the mechanisms underlying diminished ovarian reserve in women with ovarian endometrioma, the available data strongly suggests the need to prevent/minimize hyperactivation of dormant primordial follicles, regardless of whether surgery is performed, for better clinical management of ovarian endometrioma.Endometriosis is a benign gynecological disease that affects about 10% of women of reproductive age. Patients with endometriosis suffer from long-term coexistence with dysmenorrhea, dyspareunia, and even infertility, which severely reduces quality of life. So far, surgical removal and hormonal medication are the major treatment options; however, high recurrence and severe adverse effects hamper the therapeutic efficacy. Hypoxia is an inevitable cellular stress in many diseases that regulates the expression of a significant subset of genes involved in pathophysiological processes. A growing body of evidence demonstrates that hypoxia plays critical role in controlling the disease phenotypes of endometriosis, such as increasing adhesion ability, causing dysregulation of estrogen biosynthesis, aberrant production of proinflammatory cytokines, increasing angiogenic ability, and suppression of immune functions. In this review, we summarize the findings of the most recent studies in exploring the underlying mechanisms of hypoxia involved in endometriosis. Potential therapeutic options for targeting HIF and downstream effectors will also be discussed.Human placenta is a complex and heterogeneous organ interfacing between the mother and the fetus that supports fetal development. Bcl-2 cancer Alterations to placental structural components are associated with various pregnancy complications. To reveal the heterogeneity among various placenta cell types in normal and diseased placentas, as well as elucidate molecular interactions within a population of placental cells, a new genomics technology called single cell RNA-seq (or scRNA-seq) has been employed in the last couple of years. Here we review the principles of scRNA-seq technology, and summarize the recent human placenta studies at scRNA-seq level across gestational ages as well as in pregnancy complications, such as preterm birth and preeclampsia. We list the computational analysis platforms and resources available for the public use. Lastly, we discuss the future areas of interest for placenta single cell studies, as well as the data analytics needed to accomplish them.Objectives Fear-avoidance beliefs questionnaire (FABQ) is a self-report, valid and reliable questionnaire to quantify fear and avoidance beliefs related to physical activity and work. Furthermore, it can be used to predict prolong disability in patients with non-specific neck pain. Although it was originally developed to manage patients with low back pain, it has also been studied in individuals with neck pain. This questionnaire was translated into several languages following reports of potential benefits in patients with neck pain. Recently, Thai neck clinical trials, international multi-centre trials and data sharing are growing throughout the world but no validated Thai version of the FABQ is available for clinical and research uses. Our objectives were to translate and cross-culturally adapt the FABQ into Thai version and evaluate its psychometric properties in Thai patients with non-specific neck pain. Methods Cross-cultural translation and adaptation of the FABQ were conducted according to standard gui strongest association with work attitude. The weakest correlation was observed between the FABQ-TH and disability (r s =0.206, p=0.01). Missing data and significant floor or ceiling effects were not found. Conclusions The Thai version of the FABQ for non-specific neck pain was successfully adapted. It is a valid and reliable instrument to quantify fear and avoidance beliefs among patients with non-specific neck pain who speak and read Thai.Brief maneuvering of the literature as to the various roles attributed to the basal ganglia corticostriatal circuits in a variety of cognitive processes such as working memory, selective attention, and category learning has inspired us to investigate the interplay of the two major basal ganglia open-recurrent loops, namely, visual and executive loops specifically the possible involvement of their overlap in conditional learning. We propose that the interaction of the visual and executive loops reflected through their cortical overlap in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DL-PFC), lateral orbitofrontal cortex (LO-PFC), and presupplementary motor area (SMA) plays an instrumental role preliminary first in forming associations between a series of correct responses following similar stimuli and then in shifting, abstracting, and generalizing conditioned responses. The premotor and supplementary motor areas have been shown essential to producing a sequence of movements while the SMA is engaged in monitoring complex movements.