21) and THIM sleep onset latency (mean = 3.65 minutes, SD = 2.18) (P = .25). There was strong correspondence between the two devices [r

> .73, P < .001], narrow levels of agreement on Bland-Altman plots, and significantly fewer trials where PSG sleep onset had not occurred (10.24%), P = .04.

THIM showed a high degree of correspondence and agreement with PSG for estimating sleep onset latency. Future research will investigate whether THIM is accurate with an insomnia sample for clinical purposes.

THIM showed a high degree of correspondence and agreement with PSG for estimating sleep onset latency. Future research will investigate whether THIM is accurate with an insomnia sample for clinical purposes.

Restless legs syndrome (RLS) is known to be a risk factor for cardiovascular disease. However, there are no electrophysiological biomarkers to assess this risk. This study aimed to evaluate heart rate variability (HRV) and cardiovascular reflexes in the supine and standing positions during wakefulness in patients with RLS.

Fourteen drug-naïve patients with RLS (12 women and 2 men, mean age, 42.14 ± 7.81 years) and 10 healthy control patients underwent tests for blood pressure, heart rate when in the supine and standing positions, and deep breathing and handgrip tests in controlled laboratory conditions. Data on 5-minute R-R intervals at each position were collected and analyzed for HRV.

Expected cardiovascular reflexes were within the normal range and were similar between the 2 groups. In HRV analysis, the normalized unit of the low-frequency component and the low-frequency/high-frequency ratio during standing were lower in patients with RLS than in the control patients. The low-frequency/high-frequencyuting factor for autonomic nervous system dysfunction. This case-control study showed a difference in HRV response to position change in a considerably small group of patients with RLS. The relevance of this finding is uncertain, but it may be worthy of further investigation in longitudinal studies on RLS and cardiovascular disease.The article for the journal Current Molecular Pharmacology has been removed by the Publisher due to acute language inconsistencies and grammatical errors.The Bentham Editorial Policy on Article Withdrawal can be found at https//benthamscience.com/editorial-policiesmain.php

It is a condition of publication that manuscripts submitted to this journal have not been published and will not be simultaneously submitted or published elsewhere. Furthermore, any data, illustration, structure or table that has been published elsewhere must be reported, and copyright permission for reproduction must be obtained. Plagiarism is strictly forbidden, and by submit-ting the article for publication the authors agree that the publishers have the legal right to take appropriate action against the authors, if plagiarism or fabricated information is discovered. By submitting a manuscript, the authors agree that the copyright of their article is transferred to the publishers if and when the article is accepted for publication.

It is a condition of publication that manuscripts submitted to this journal have not been published and will not be simultaneously submitted or published elsewhere. Furthermore, any data, illustration, structure or table that has been published elsewhere must be reported, and copyright permission for reproduction must be obtained. Plagiarism is strictly forbidden, and by submit-ting the article for publication the authors agree that the publishers have the legal right to take appropriate action against the authors, if plagiarism or fabricated information is discovered. By submitting a manuscript, the authors agree that the copyright of their article is transferred to the publishers if and when the article is accepted for publication.

Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is one of the diabetic microvascular complications, which is also one of the important causes of blindness in adults.

To investigate the association between proliferative retinopathy and serum bile acid level in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM).

Three hundred and thirty-six patients with T2DM were included, of which, 229 had a history of more than 10 years without diabetic retinopathy (no diabetic retinopathy, NDR) and 107 had proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR). The baseline characteristics of the two groups were compared. According to the level of bile acid, the patients were divided into low, medium and high bile acid groups. The ratio of proliferative retinopathy in each group was compared. The presence of retinopathy was taken as the dependent variable, and the significant variables were analyzed by logistic regression.

The level of total bilirubin and bile acid in the NDR group was significantly higher than that in the PDR group, while the levels of triglyceride, cholesterol and LDL-C were significantly lower than that in the PDR group (P<0.05). With the increase of bile acid level, the proportion of proliferative retinopathy decreased. Triptolide Logistic regression analysis showed that bilirubin and bile acid were protective factors of diabetic retinopathy, while SBP, LDL-C and UAER were risk factors of diabetic retinopathy.

Bile acid might be a protective factor for diabetic retinopathy in T2DM, which might be a potential therapeutic role in retinal disorders.

Bile acid might be a protective factor for diabetic retinopathy in T2DM, which might be a potential therapeutic role in retinal disorders.

Many pharmacutical plants belonged to this region are used as the traditional drug by traditional physicians of the Urmia city in order to treat signs of disorders and cardiovescular system diseases.

The Ghasemloo valley located in the Urmia city is one of the typical areas in the northwestern Iran and includes many pharmacutical and plant species.

Many pharmacutical plants belonged to this region are used as the traditional drug by traditional physicians of the Urmia city in order to treat signs of disorders and cardiovescular system diseases.

Study was performed among 35 grocers in the Urmia city to identify effective and famous pharmacutical plants in treatment of cardiovescular and related diseases. Firstly a complete list of Urmia grocers was prepared from the Food and Drug Administrator of the Urmia University of Medical Sciences. The direct observation and interview alongside collecting herbarium samples of usual and effective indigenous medicinal plants were used to identify disorders and different signs of cardiovascular diseases.