nges in the food environment (reformulated food products to reduce the sodium density of foods) and, to a smaller extent, by changes in food choices. Impacts were consistent across socioeconomic groups.

There is a lack of consensus on what is the most appropriate treatment of moderate acute malnutrition (MAM).

We aimed to determine if provision of ready-to-use-therapeutic food (RUTF) and antibiotics to “high-risk” MAM (HR-MAM) children in addition to nutritional counseling would result in higher recovery and less deterioration than nutrition counseling alone.

At the 11 intervention clinics, HR-MAM children were given RUTF and amoxicillin along with standard nutrition counseling, for 2-12 wk. All others received 6 wk of nutrition counseling alone. HR-MAM was defined as midupper arm circumference (MUAC) <11.9 cm, weight-for-age z score (WAZ)<-3.5, mother not the main caregiver, or a child <2 y old not being breastfed. Outcomes were compared using intention-to-treat analysis.

Analysis included 573 children at the intervention sites and 714 children at the control sites. Of the intervention group, 317 (55%) were classified as HR-MAM. Short-term recovery was greater at the intervention sites [48%to HR-MAM children improved short-term recovery and reduced short-term risk of deterioration. However, recovery rates were still suboptimal and differences were not sustained by 6 mo post enrollment.This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT03647150.

Elevated plasma methylmalonic acid (MMA) and/or total homocysteine (tHcy), as well as low serum vitamin B12 and/or holotranscobalamin (holoTC) are indicative of vitamin B12 deficiency. Combined indicators (cB12), which pool some or all 4 markers into an index, may be a more reliable diagnostic tool to overcome inconclusive diagnoses with individual markers.

We aimed to describe different cB12 score combinations and estimate the prevalence of low or transitional vitamin B12 status compared with individual markers.

Using cross-sectional data for B12, MMA, and tHcy in persons ≥20 y participating in NHANES 1999-2004 (n=12,335), we examined raw and covariate-adjusted regression models to assess determinants of 3cB12 (all 3 markers) and combinations of 2cB12 (2 markers).

3cB12 was significantly associated with B12 (Spearman r=0.75), MMA (r = -0.70), and tHcy (r = -0.59). The 3cB12 reference interval (2.5th to 97.5th percentile) was -0.538 to 1.60. In covariate-adjusted models, we found no association of 3cB, conventional markers are used. When only 2 markers are available, the combination of B12 and MMA provides results comparable to 3cB12.

Serum insulin-like growth factor 1 (sIGF-1) is an important growth factor in childhood. However, studies on sIGF-1 among children from low-income countries are few, and the role of body composition is unknown.

To assess the associations of anthropometry, body composition, inflammation, and breastfeeding with sIGF-1 among children with moderate acute malnutrition (MAM).

A cross-sectional study based on admission data from 6- to 23-mo-old children with MAM participating in a nutrition intervention trial (Treatfood) in Burkina Faso. Linear regression analysis was used to identify correlates of sIGF-1.

Among 1546 children, the median (IQR) sIGF-1 was 12 (8.2-18.3) ng/mL. sIGF-1 was highest at 6 mo, with a nadir ∼10-11 mo, and higher in girls than boys. Length-for-age z score (LAZ), weight-for-length z score (WLZ), and midupper arm circumference were positively associated with sIGF-1 (P≤0.001). Fat-free mass (FFM) was also positively associated, as sIGF-1 increased 1.5 (95% CI 0.5, 2.5) ng/mL for each 1-kglnourished and many had inflammation, this probably explains the very low median sIGF-1. The association of FFM with sIGF-1 was fully explained by height. There was a marked age pattern, with a nadir in late infancy, confirming findings from smaller studies from well-nourished populations. There is a need for prospective studies to disentangle the role of sIGF-1 in growth and health. This trial was registered at https//www.isrctn.com as ISRCTN42569496.

Adequate total and meal-specific protein intake is considered an important prerequisite to preserve appendicular lean mass (ALM) in older adults and to prevent sarcopenia.

We analyzed the meal-specific protein intake across the main meals between participants with normal vs. low ALM to BMI ratio (ALMBMI).

782 participants [59.6% men; median 69 (IQR 65, 71) y] of the Berlin Aging Study II have been included in this analysis. ALM was assessed by dual X-ray absorptiometry. learn more Low lean mass was defined as ALMBMI using recommended sex-specific cut-offs. A 5-day nutritional protocol was used to assess total and meal-specific protein intake.

Median total protein intake was 0.89 (IQR 0.74, 1.05) g/kg/d body weight (BW) in participants with low ALMBMI and 1.02 (IQR 0.86, 1.21) g/kg BW in participants with normal ALMBMI (P<0.001). Daily protein intake at breakfast was similar in both groups [0.23 (95% CI 0.20, 0.26) vs. 0.24 (95% CI 0.23, 0.26) g/kg BW; P=0.245]. Subjects with low ALMBMI reported a lower protei data support an association of high ALMBMI with protein intake at dinner in particular, this was not independent from total protein intake and the findings do not allow a conclusion on causality.The high comorbidity between cardiovascular and metabolic diseases (CVMD) and coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and the consequent high mortality and the potential risk of cardiovascular damage have brought great challenges to the clinical diagnosis and treatment of the condition. The latest studies found that advanced age, immune function defects, inflammatory factor storms and oxidative stress damage all potentially contribute to the high comorbidity of the two. Direct virus invasion, myocardial oxygen supply and demand imbalance and vascular endothelial and coagulation dysfunction may be important mechanisms for cardiovascular injury in COVID-19 patients. In addition, the expression level of ACE2 (the cell membrane receptor of SARS-CoV-2) in various organs and the peripheral blood not only mediates the direct invasion and damage of the organs, but also participates in regulation of the balance of systematic inflammation and oxidative stress, thus affecting the susceptibility and outcomes of the patients.