Finally, the combined features are classified by Support Vector Machine (SVM). The proposed method is evaluated on several challenging databases such as Cohn-Kanade database (CK+), Japanese Female Facial Expressions database (JAFFE), and MMI database; experimental results of seven emotion state (neutral, joy, sadness, surprise, anger, fear, and disgust) show that the proposed framework is effective and accurate.Lesions caused by high glucose (HG), hypoxia/reperfusion (H/R), and the coexistence of both conditions in cardiomyocytes are linked to an overproduction of reactive oxygen species (ROS), causing irreversible damage to macromolecules in the cardiomyocyte as well as its ultrastructure. Fenofibrate, a peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPARα) agonist, promotes beneficial activities counteracting cardiac injury. selleck compound Therefore, the objective of this work was to determine the potential protective effect of fenofibrate in cardiomyocytes exposed to HG, H/R, and HG+H/R. Cardiomyocyte cultures were divided into four main groups (1) control (CT), (2) HG (25 mM), (3) H/R, and (4) HG+H/R. Our results indicate that cell viability decreases in cardiomyocytes undergoing HG, H/R, and both conditions, while fenofibrate improves cell viability in every case. Fenofibrate also decreases ROS production as well as nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidase (NADPH) subunit expression. Regarding the antioxidant defense, superoxide dismutase (SOD Cu2+/Zn2+ and SOD Mn2+), catalase, and the antioxidant capacity were decreased in HG, H/R, and HG+H/R-exposed cardiomyocytes, while fenofibrate increased those parameters. The expression of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) increased significantly in treated cells, while pathologies increased the expression of its inhibitor Keap1. Oxidative stress-induced mitochondrial damage was lower in fenofibrate-exposed cardiomyocytes. Endothelial nitric oxide synthase was also favored in cardiomyocytes treated with fenofibrate. Our results suggest that fenofibrate preserves the antioxidant status and the ultrastructure in cardiomyocytes undergoing HG, H/R, and HG+H/R preventing damage to essential macromolecules involved in the proper functioning of the cardiomyocyte.

Majority of petrous bone and lateral skull base pathologies are benign in nature. The complex anatomy usually warrants an extensive approach with associated morbidity.

Two cases of petrous bone cholesteatoma (1 congenital cholesteatoma with facial palsy and 1 acquired cholesteatoma) and a case of glomus tympanicum were treated with exclusive endoscopic transcanal approach. The cases of petrous cholesteatoma were addressed with trans-promontorial and infra-cochlear approaches. The mean operative time was approximately 140min. No CSF otorrhoea was noticed in the post-operative period. The average period of hospital stay was 3.7 days.

In the subset of cases with limited benign disease an endoscopic trans-canal approach is a better alternative to an external approach. It decreases operative time, blood loss, chance of meningitis, morbidity and hospital stay. The lack of depth perception is a major hurdle which can be come over by experience in endoscopic middle ear surgery. This approach can create direct access to cochlea/petrous apex/internal auditory canal (IAC)/Supra-geniculate ganglion region.

In the subset of cases with limited benign disease an endoscopic trans-canal approach is a better alternative to an external approach. It decreases operative time, blood loss, chance of meningitis, morbidity and hospital stay. The lack of depth perception is a major hurdle which can be come over by experience in endoscopic middle ear surgery. This approach can create direct access to cochlea/petrous apex/internal auditory canal (IAC)/Supra-geniculate ganglion region.

Recent studies have shown that chronic inflammation contributes to the development of sudden sensorineural hearing loss (SSNHL). Some hematologic parameters have also been linked to the prognosis of SSNHL. However, the prognostic value of such hematological factors is not conclusive. This study explored the association of routine hematological parameters with SSNHL.

A systematic literature search was conducted in PubMed, Cochrane Library, Web of Science and Embase to identify eligible studies. Standardized mean deviation (SMD) and the 95% confidence interval (CI) were retried from relevant studies for analysis. Heterogeneity, subgroup, and publication bias analyses were performed.

A total of 18 studies involving 1505 SSNHL patients and 1466 healthy persons were enrolled in the final analysis. The study population included 699 responders and 458 non-responders to treatment. Pooled results revealed that the neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio (NLR) and platelet/lymphocyte ratio (PLR) value in the SSNHL patient group were higher than in the healthy group (SMD = 1.05, 95% CI 0.86,1.24, p < 0.001, SMD = 0.52, 95% CI 0.26,0.78, p < 0.001, respectively). However, there was no significant difference in the mean platelet volumes (MPV) between the groups (SMD = 0.03, 95% CI 0.44, 0.49, p = 0.91). Notably, NLR and PLR values were evidently higher in the unrecovered group than in the recovered group (SMD = -0.63, 95% CI 1.02,-0.23, p = 0.002, SMD = -0.4, 95% CI 0.76,-0.03, p = 0.03, respectively). However, the MPV value was similar in both groups (SMD = -0.35, 95% CI 1.14,0.44, p = 0.38).

Our results show that NLR and PLR values can predict the onset and prognosis of SSNHL.

Our results show that NLR and PLR values can predict the onset and prognosis of SSNHL.

Congenital hearing loss is remarkably heterogeneous, with over 130 deafness genes and thousands of variants, making for innumerable genotype/phenotype combinations. Understanding both the pathophysiology of hearing loss and molecular site of lesion along the auditory pathway permits for significantly individualized counseling. Electrophysiologic techniques such as electrocochleography (ECochG) and electrically-evoked compound action potentials (eCAP) are being studied to localize pathology and estimate residual cochlear vs. neural health. This review describes the expanding roles of genetic and electrophysiologic evaluation in the precision medicine of congenital hearing loss.The basics of genetic mutations in hearing loss and electrophysiologic testing (ECochG and eCAP) are reviewed, and how they complement each other in the diagnostics and prognostication of hearing outcomes. Used together, these measures improve the understanding of insults to the auditory system, allowing for individualized counseling for CI candidacy/outcomes or other habilitation strategies.