56% (κ=0.609). The percentage of positive, negative, and indeterminate results were, respectively 15.02% vs. 15.36%; 82.92% vs. 79.37%; and 2.04% vs. 5.25%. Discrepancies between T-SPOT.TB and QTF-Plus were 12.43%, suggesting that 103 patients were positive and another 79 were negative due exclusively to 1 of the 2 IGRAs. Conclusions Greater concordance was found between QTF-Plus and T-SPOT.TB than between QTF-GIT and T-SPOT.TB. However, we believe that the proportion of discrepancies between T-SPOT.TB and QTF-Plus is sufficiently important from a clinical point of view to justify the simultaneous use of 2 IGRA in this specific patient group.Community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) is a prevalent disease among children and is frequently associated with both diagnostic and therapeutic uncertainties. Consensus has been reached between SEPAR, SENP and SEIP, and their conclusions are as follows.Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) are plant root symbionts that continuously carry thousands of nuclei in their spores and hyphae. This unique cellular biology raises fundamental questions regarding their nuclear dynamics. This review aims to address these by synthesizing current knowledge of nuclear content and behavior in these ubiquitous soil fungi. Overall, we find that that nuclear counts, as well as the nuclei shape and organization, vary drastically both within and among species in this group. By comparing these features with those of other fungi, we highlight unique aspects of the AMF nuclear biology that require further attention. The potential implications of the observed nuclear variability for the biology and evolution of these widespread plant symbionts are discussed.There is amino acid sequence homology between the ADP-ribose binding sites of human PARP14 and SARS-CoV-2 ADRP.•This homology is even more pronounced in bat species.•The model proposed highlights the potential of the PARP axis to yield druggable targets for the treatment of COVID-19.This review focuses on the diagnosis of select benign processes, ranging from reactive entities to heterotopic tissues to neoplasms, which may occur in the mediastinum. Currently, the mediastinum can be evaluated and biopsied with endoscopic procedures. Therefore, cytopathology specimens, fine needle aspirations, and small biopsies play an important role in the diagnosis of these lesions. In this review, an emphasis is given to relevant clinical presentations, histologic and cytologic findings, differential diagnoses, ancillary testing, and interpretation. Pitfalls are reviewed and discussed in each section. It is important for both surgical pathologists and cytopathologists to be familiar with these entities and their cytologic and histologic features that may be helpful in reaching a diagnosis.Background In response to the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, US hospitals have canceled elective surgeries. Alofanib chemical structure This decline in total joint arthroplasty (TJA) revenue may place financial strain on hospitals. Our goal was to quantify the impact of COVID-19 on the public interest in elective TJA. Methods The Google Search Volume Index (GSVI) identified the terms “knee replacement,” “hip replacement,” and “orthopedic surgeon” as the most common to describe TJA. The term “elective surgery cancellation” was also analyzed. Weekly GSVI data were extracted between 04-01-2015 and 04-04-2020. Time series analysis was conducted and state GSVI values were compared with COVID-19 prevalence and unemployment claims. Results The relative public interest in elective TJA has sharply declined since the WHO declaration of COVID-19 as a global pandemic. Between 03-01-2020 and 03-29-2020, the popularity of searches for “knee replacement”, “hip replacement,” and “orthopedic surgeon” dropped by 62.1%, 52.1%, and 44.3%, respectively. A concurrent spike was observed for the term “elective surgery cancellation.” California, New Hampshire, Maine, and Nevada showed a low relative rate for TJA searches, and the highest increase in unemployment claims. Conclusion The onset of COVID-19 correlates with declining relative popularity of searches related to elective TJA. Higher volume of COVID-19 cases in certain states may correspond with lower relative search popularity, although this correlation remains unclear. These results portend the possibility of a decline in elective TJA case volume, further straining hospitals. Further research is required to inform stakeholders how best to proceed and determine any sustained effects from the current diminished relative interest in TJA. Level of evidence Level III.Introduction Local governments are often innovators of public health policy-making, yet states are increasingly preempting or prohibiting local control over public health issues. Previous research identified examples of strategies used by state legislatures to pass preemption in ways that may obscure public discussion about preemption or the topics preempted or enhance the strength of a previously passed preemptive law. Methods To systematically identify strategies to pass, obscure, or enhance preemption, in 2019, the authors conducted a content analysis of the full text of the bills from which preemptive laws in 5 policy areas (tobacco control, firearms, paid sick leave, food and nutrition, and civil rights) passed over a 5-year period (2014-2018) for preemptive laws that remained in effect as of January 2019. Results This research identified 5 methods state legislators used during the 5-year period to pass and support preemption (1) pass preemptive bills quickly (11 laws); (2) obscure preemption by adding it to pre-existing bills on nonrelevant substantive topics (4 bills), bundling preemption of multiple nonrelated topics (4 bills), or titling bills in a way that does not reflect the substance of the bill (1 bill); (3) repeal and replace preemption (2 laws); (4) preempt litigation (1 law); and (5) enact punitive preemption (7 laws). Conclusions Strategies employed to pass preemption obscure public debate about preemption and the underlying public health and social justice issues at stake while minimizing the ability of local governments to protect their populations and the nation to learn from local policy successes.