5. At an S/L ratio of 12.5%, multi-objective optimization indicates that pH 1 and a leaching time of 135 min are the parameters that allow both maximum phosphorus yield and minimum ash content.Phytoplankton is capable of responding to aquatic conditions and can therefore be used to monitor freshwater reservoir water quality. Numerous classification techniques, including morpho-functional approaches, have been developed. This study examined changes in phytoplankton assemblages and water quality, which were sampled quarterly from July 2018 to April 2019. The purpose was to contrast the applicability of three classification approaches (functional, morpho-functional and morphological-based functional groupings) for understanding the spatial and seasonal distribution of the biomass variance in phytoplankton functional groups and their driving environmental factors in the ecological zones of the Shanxi Reservoir through multivariate analysis. The results showed that the phytoplankton biomass was highest in the watercourse zone and lowest in the transition zone. Furthermore, the Shanxi Reservoir was characterized by several cyanobacteria (Microcystis spp.) and numerous bacillariophytes (Asterionella sp., Navicula spp. and Aulacoseira granulata). PMX-53 After evaluating the advantages and disadvantages of morpho-functional classifications, we determined that water temperature appeared to be an essential factor, and the morphology-based functional group approach provided the best results for demonstrating phytoplankton succession, despite having lower sensitivity than the others. Nevertheless, these approaches are all appropriate for identifying and monitoring phytoplankton community structure in aquatic systems of reservoirs with complex terrains.This work aims to investigate the electrochemical treatment of petrochemical industry effluents (from the northwest region of Brazil) mediated by active chlorine species electrogenerated at ruthenium-titanium oxide supported in titanium (Ti/Ru0.3Ti0.7O2) and boron doped diamond (BDD) anodes by applying 15 and 45 mA cm-2. Chemical oxygen demand (COD) determinations and toxicity analyses were carried out in order to evaluate the process extension as well as the possible reuse of the wastewater after treatment. Toxicity was evaluated by assessing the inhibition of lettuce (Lactuca sativa) stem growth, seed germination, and the production of nitrite (NO-2) and nitrate (NO-3) species. Results clearly showed that the best COD reduction performances were reached at the BDD anode, achieving almost 100% of removal in a short time. Degradation of nitrogen-organic compounds generated NO-2 and NO-3 which act as nutrients for lettuce. Toxicity results also indicated that the electrogenerated active chlorine species are persistent in the effluent after the treatment, avoiding the stem growth, and consequently affecting the germination.In this study, the removal effect of free and immobilized bacteria on crude oil was determined. Sodium alginate and polyvinyl alcohol were used as embedding agent, and ramie was modified as an adsorbent to immobilize free bacteria. The conditions for preparing immobilized pellets were optimized using the response surface method, and the best combination was simulated and obtained by Design-Expert 8.0. The best degradation rate of immobilized bacteria was 75.52%. The degradation by free bacteria and immobilized bacteria showed that the selected microorganisms had a good degradation effect on petroleum hydrocarbons.Fruit processing facilities are looking for ways to reduce water consumption to counter the impact of climate change. A good alternative is an MBR system to treat the processing wastewater, followed by tertiary treatment using a reverse osmosis (RO) unit to enable water reuse. However, fouling of the RO membrane causes operational challenges. As a result, experiments were completed on treated fruit processing wastewater to identify the causes of fouling that originated from the MBR effluent and develop best management practices (BMPs) to minimize fouling of the RO membrane. Physical and chemical analyses along with visual inspection of the membrane surface using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy diffusive X-ray (EDX) and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy were completed. The issue of RO membrane fouling and subsequent flux decline was directly related to the presence of soluble microbial products, specifically dissolved organic matter (DOM) in the MBR effluent. The developed BMPs show that the previously completed enhanced coagulation-GAC sorption process, when combined with an online non-chemical flushing regimen and proper membrane preservation, keeps the flux readings high, resolving frequent fouling and cleaning problems of the RO membrane.Field work was performed to investigate the release of hydrogen sulphide (H2S) and its transport in the sewer trunk with drops in the Bonnie Doon area in Edmonton, Alberta, Canada, in order to develop a proper odor control strategy. The liquid sulfide concentration in the upstream trunk was low (less than 1.0 mg/L), and no H2S gas was detected in the head space under this low concentration. However, high H2S gas concentration was detected in the middle reach of the trunk due to the stripping effect of the three drops (2.7 m, 5.2 m and 2.0 m) along the trunk. The released H2S at drops was then transported in the sewer system and emitted at various locations and caused odor concerns. These drops played an important role in H2S release, and the overall H2S mass transfer coefficient at drops was much higher than that in normal gravity sewers. The overall oxygen and H2S mass transfer coefficient (KLa) was estimated to be around 200 h-1 and 300 h-1 at the first two drops, respectively. Field sampling of biofilm indicates that Desulfomicrobium was identified as the sulfate-reducing bacteria (SRB) responsible for sulfide generation in sewer wall biofilm and Thiobacillus was the only predominant member in manhole wall biofilm contributing to sewer manhole corrosion.The goal of the present study is to treat industrial wastewater containing sodium aluminate using a chemically inert polyurea (PU) based thin film composite (TFC) reverse osmosis (RO) membrane to promote water reclamation and zero liquid discharge (ZLD). Pretreatment was carried out to reduce the pH of the effluent from 12.5 to 7.1. The TFC RO membrane was fabricated by coating PU on Polyethersulfone (PES) substrate by interfacial polymerization (IP). The surface and cross-sectional morphologies of the membrane were characterized using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The indigenously synthesized membrane was effective in the removal of total dissolved solids (TDS), chemical oxygen demand (COD), colour and electrical conductivity. The experiments were conducted by varying the feed composition of the wastewater. The maximum water recovery and flux were found to be 74% and 73.9 L/m2·h. RO process using PU membrane exhibited significant potential for cost effective, safe and pollution-free treatment of sodium aluminate industrial effluent.