Biostimulation and toxicity constitute the continuous response spectrum of a biological organism against physicochemical or biological factors. Among the environmental agents capable of inducing biostimulation or toxicity are nanomaterials. On the<100nm scale, nanomaterials impose both physical effects resulting from the core’s and corona’s surface properties, and chemical effects related to the core’s composition and the corona’s functional groups.

The purpose of this review is to describe the impact of nanomaterials on microorganisms and plants, considering two of the most studied physical and chemical properties size and concentration.

Using a graphical analysis, the presence of a continuous biostimulation-toxicity spectrum is shown considering different biological responses. In microorganisms, the results showed high susceptibility to nanomaterials. Simultaneously, in plants, a hormetic response was found related to nanomaterials concentration and, in a few cases, a positive response in the smallel. With the above, it is concluded that (1) microorganisms are more susceptible to nanomaterials than plants, (2) practically all nanomaterials seem to induce responses from biostimulation to toxicity in plants, and (3) the kind of response observed will depend in a complex way on the nanomateriaĺs physical and chemical characteristics, of the biological species with which they interact, and of the form and route of application and on the nature of the medium -soil, soil pore water, and biological surfaces- where the interaction occurs.

Fibroblast growth factor homologous factors (FHFs), among other fibroblast growth factors, are increasingly found to be important regulators of ion channel functions. Although FHFs have been link to several neuronal diseases and arrhythmia, its role in inflammatory pain still remains unclear.

This study aimed to investigate the role and mechanism of FGF13 in inflammatory pain.

conditional knockout mice were generated and CFA-induced chronic inflammatory pain model was established to measure the pain threshold. Immunostaining, western blot and quantitative real-time reverse transcription PCR (qRT-PCR) were performed to detect the expression of FGF13 in CFA-induced inflammatory pain. Smad inhibitor Whole-cell patch clamp recording was used to record the action potential firing properties and sodium currents of DRG neurons.

Conditional knockout of

in dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons (

) led to attenuated pain responses induced by complete Freund’s adjuvant (CFA). FGF13 was expressed predominantly in small-diaism for FGF13 modulation of sodium channel function and suggests that FGF13 might be a novel target for inflammatory pain treatment.

Green algae seriously affect the quality and yield of Torreya grandis, it is important to explore new, environmentally friendly ways to control it.

The present study aimed at preparing sustained-release algae-killing nanocapsules without pollution to the environment.

In this work, sodium carboxymethylcellulose (CMC), sodium alginate (SA), and chitosan (CTS) were used as raw materials in acylation reaction with the photosensitive catalytic material iron octaaminophthalocyanine (T) to generate the photoactive bio-based materials T-CMC, T-SA, and T-CMCS. Cinnamaldehyde and 2-aminobenzimidazole were combined using chemical grafting to produce a new algicide, and then formed nanocapsules by phase separation. The molecular structure of products was characterized by UV-Vis, FTIR, and NMR (

H NMR,

C NMR). The particle size of the nanocapsules was determined by Zeta particle size analysis and TEM; DSC was used to investigate the thermal stability; The encapsulation efficiency and sustained-release performance were determined by HPLC. Then the phytotoxic of the new algicide was measured.

The bio-based nanocapsules was successfully synthesized, which had a particle size of 10-30nm and was stable at 40°C. The encapsulation efficiency of the nanocapsules was 48.77%, the cumulative release rate was 83%, and the new algicide killed the green algae in a dose-dependent way.

The bio-based nano capsule is a new and valuable Sustained-release capsule, which is the method of green algae.

The bio-based nano capsule is a new and valuable Sustained-release capsule, which is the method of green algae.

The seed-associated microbiome has a strong influence on plant ecology, fitness, and productivity. Plant microbiota could be exploited for a more responsible crop management in sustainable agriculture. However, the relationships between seed microbiota and hosts related to the changes from ancestor species to breeded crops still remain poor understood.

Our aims were i) to understand the effect of cereal domestication on seed endophytes in terms of diversity, structure and co-occurrence, by comparing four cereal crops and the respective ancestor species; ii) to test the phylogenetic coherence between cereals and their seed microbiota (clue of co-evolution).

We investigated the seed microbiota of four cereal crops (

,

,

and

), along with their respective ancestors (

,

,

and

, respectively) using 16S rRNA gene metabarcoding, Randomly Amplified Polymorphic DNA (RAPD) profiling of host plants and co-evolution analysis.

The diversity of seed microbiota was generally higher in cultivated cerevolution between cereals and their seed microbiota. This knowledge is useful to develop effective strategies of microbiome exploitation for sustainable agriculture.

Even though exosome-based therapy has been shown to be able to control the progression of different pathologies, the data revealed by pharmacokinetic studies warn of the low residence time of exogenous exosomes in circulation that can hinder the clinical translation of therapeutic exosomes. The macrophages related to the organs of the mononuclear phagocytic system are responsible primarily for the rapid clearance and retention of exosomes, which strongly limits the amount of exosomal particles available to reach the target tissue, accumulate in it and release with high efficiency its therapeutic cargo in acceptor target cells to exert the desired biological effect.

Endowing exosomes with surface modifications to evade the immune system is a plausible strategy to contribute to the suppression of exosomal clearance and increase the efficiency of their targeted content delivery. Here, we summarize the current evidence about the mechanisms underlying the recognition and sequestration of therapeutic exosomes by phagocytic cells.