In the amplitude experiment, the accurate information coding model of more than 83.33% of SCNs is quadratic polynomial when the maximum angular velocity is>80 deg/s, and the amplitude has a significant effect on the linear-nonlinear selection of the SCNs information coding model（P=0.038）. ConclusionThe information coding models of SCN population in the nonlinear perceptual interval have two expressions, linear and nonlinear function, which is closely related to angular velocity. The quadratic polynomial function is more accurate and more advantageous and it can be used to design the precise neuromodulation strategy of multichannel vestibular prosthesis.Vestibular dysfunction can seriously affect patients’ daily life and work. There is an urgent need for new methods to treat vestibular dysfunction. As awareness of these diseases increases, efforts are being made to improve vestibular function through a number of vestibular assistant systems. RBN013209 datasheet As far as current development is concerned, vestibular assistant system mainly focuses on two fields external prosthesis and vestibular implant. This review shows the current status and future development trend of the vestibular assistant system.Sensory laryngeal neuropathy（SLN） is a kind of peripheral neuropathy presenting globus pharyngeus, chronic cough, increased mucus, dry throat, sore throat, frequent clearing of the throat, etc. When the sensory nerve of the larynx is affected by chemical, biological, mechanical or nutritional factors. Because of its nonspecific signs and symptoms, SLN is easy to be misdiagnosed as chronic pharyngitis or laryngopharyngeal reflux disease. SLN was came up to ENT physician in recent years and there are rare systematic reports currently, therefore, this review aims to summarize the etiology, clinical manifestations, diagnosis and treatment of SLN, to raise awareness of this disease among our colleagues.Immune-Mediated Inner Ear Diseases（IMIED） is one of the curable sensorineural hearing loss caused by abnormal immune response, which may be primary inner ear diseases or associated with systemic autoimmune diseases. Since the complex differential diagnosis and no reliable diagnostic tests, the early identification of IMIED was extremely tricky. The treatment still mainly depends on glucocorticoid, but as researchs move along, directing at different pathogenesis, more and more therapies have been proposed. This article reviews the diagnosis and different treatment methods of IMIED.The main clinical manifestations of the tumors in the middle ear are hearing loss, intact tympanic membrane, and conductive hearing damage. CT shows soft tissue lesions and abnormal bony lesions in the middle ear. The tumors were completely removed by operation and confirmed by pathology as myxoma and bony structure tumor.ObjectiveTo explore the main influencing factors of excessive daytime sleepiness（EDS） in adults with different degrees of sleep-disordered breathing（SDB）, which will provide the scientific evidences for the individualized diagnosis and treatment. MethodRetrospective analysis was performed on the clinical data of 361 young and middle-aged snoring patients monitored by polysomnography. According to the presence or absence of obstructive sleep apnea（OSA） and apnea hypopnea index（AHI） levels, they were divided into primary snoring（AHI less then 5）, mild OSA（AHI 5- less then 15）, moderate OSA（AHI 15- less then 30） and severe OSA（AHI≥30）. From sleep efficiency（ES）, different sleep stages（REM, NREM1, NREM2, NREM3） ratio of total sleep, oxygen reduction index（ODI）, blood oxygen saturation less then 90% of total sleep time（TS90%）, the average saturation of blood oxygen（MSaO₂） and the lowest blood oxygen saturation（LSaO₂） of all-night sleep, and AHI in different sleep stages（REM-AHI, NREM-AHI）, MSaO₂ in different sleepose without EDS（P less then 0.05 or P less then 0.01）, while NREM-MSaO₂, MSaO₂ and LSaO₂ were significantly lower than those without EDS（P less then 0.05 or P less then 0.01）. The main influencing factors of EDS were BMI, NREM-MSaO₂, MSaO₂, LSaO₂, ODI and TS90%. ConclusionFrequent apnea during REM stage may be one of the important factors causing EDS in patients with primary snoring and mild OSA. For patients with moderate and severe OSA, intermittent hypoxia at night may be the main factor leading to EDS, and obesity may promote the development of the disease and the occurrence of sleepiness.ObjectiveTo investigate the relationship between laryngopharyngeal reflux and arytenoid cartilage calcification in male idiopathic laryngeal contact granuloma. MethodThe clinical data of 92 male patients with idiopathic laryngeal contact granuloma who had the thin laryngeal CT scan images and laryngeal reflux symptom index（RSI） scale data before treatment were analyzed retrospectively. The effect of laryngopharyngeal reflux on the calcification of arytenoid cartilage in laryngeal contact granuloma patients was analyzed by Chi-square statistics with SPSS 16.0 software. ResultAmong the 92 patients, 44 patients with RSI>13（47.83%） and 48 patients with RSI≤13（52.17%）. Unilateral granuloma was found in 87 cases（94.57%） and bilateral granuloma in 5 cases（5.43%）. A total of 97 sides of the diseased side, there were 87 sides of arytenoid cartilage with calcification（89.69%） and 10 sides without calcification（10.31%）. Among the patients with RSI>13, there were 45 sides of arytenoid cartilage with calcification（45/46, 97.83%） and one side without calcification（1/46, 2.17%）, and in the patients with RSI≤13, there were 42 sides of arytenoid cartilage with calcification（42/51, 82.35%） and 9 sides without calcification（9/51, 17.65%）. The calcification rate of arytenoid cartilage in patients with RSI>13 group was significantly higher than that in RSI≤13 group（χ²=4.701, P=0.030）. ConclusionThe calcification rate of arytenoid cartilage in male idiopathic laryngeal contact granuloma patients with laryngopharyngeal reflux is higher than that in patients without laryngopharyngeal reflux. Laryngopharyngeal reflux may aggravate or promote the inflammatory reaction of granuloma and accelerate the calcification of arytenoid cartilage.