Breeding strategy should select breeding pairs holding a relatedness coefficient below 15%. Hence, coat patterns in dog breeds can help preserving the genetic diversity in endangered dogs, even when these are geographically isolated. Urban signalized intersections in Indian cities experience a high share of fatalities and serious injuries. However, assessment of safety using rigorous statistical technique is still in an early stage in India, primarily due to challenges in obtaining crash data, road geometric and traffic data. This study intended to focus on safety issues associated with the planning, design, and operation of signalized intersections, and identify the risk factors affecting the frequency and severity of crashes. Assuming that user behavior is influenced by the design and traffic operational characteristics of a location, this study specifically aims to investigate the effects of geometric, infrastructural, traffic control and land use parameters on the number of crashes and their severity across 52 signalized intersections of Kolkata. These data were associated with crash records from 2011 through 2014, to extract important insights, using statistical tests such as correlation analysis and independent samples t-test, as well as multivariate regression analysis for crash prediction purposes. Based on the assessments carried out in this study, there is evidence that factors such as total approach traffic volume, blocked carriageways, traffic configuration, presence of protected right turning phase, type of minor road, tram stops, etc. significantly affect the frequency of crashes while presence of all-red time, protected right turning phase, blocked carriageway, non-motorized traffic, and visibility of road markings affect the severity of crashes at signalized intersections of Kolkata. In the absence of other road traffic safety studies involving rigorous statistical analysis, these findings can significantly contribute to policy-making decisions that are aimed at improving the safety of signalized intersections in the city of Kolkata. A penalty mechanism is usually considered as a powerful means to reduce the probability of traffic violations and accidents by encouraging drivers to comply with traffic regulations. Penalty point and fine strategies are often used in parallel. Different degrees of penalty points and/or fines are imposed according to the specific violation behavior of drivers. However, the question of whether each penalty produces positive effects in maintaining a driver’s compliance with traffic regulations and promoting the driver’s traffic safety is still unanswered. This study focuses on quantifying the effects of penalty point and fine strategies on violation recurrences and accident occurrences of drivers. A frailty survival analysis method is conducted to jointly model the occurrence of violation and accident events of each individual. The frailty term in the model is leveraged to address the unobserved heterogeneity among drivers. Personal characteristics and penalty status are also incorporated as covariates in the model. Actual violation and accident data from a province in China are utilized to calibrate the model. The results show that penalty point strategy exhibits deterrent and binding effects; however, penalty fine strategy does not show the expected effects. find more The number of years of driving is also a significant factor that influences violation recurrence and accident occurrence. The present study provides insightful information for improving violation penalty mechanisms. Traffic congestion is more likely to lead to aggressive driving behavior that is associated with increased crash risks. Previous studies mainly focus on driving behavior during congestion when studying congestion effects. However, the negative effects of congestion on driving behavior may also affect drivers’ post-congestion driving. To fill this research gap, this study examined the influence of traffic congestion on driver behavior on the post-congestion roads (i.e., the roads travelled right after congestion). Twenty-five subjects participated in a driving simulation study. They were asked to complete two trials corresponding to post-congestion and non-congestion conditions, respectively. Driver behavior quantified by driving performance measures, eye movement measures, and electroencephalogram (EEG) measures was compared between the two conditions. Ten features were selected from the measures with statistical significance. The selected features were integrated to characterize drivers’ response patterns using a hierarchical clustering method. The results showed that driver behavior in post-congestion situations became more aggressive, more focused in the forward area but less focused in the dashboard area, and was associated with lower power of the β-band in the temporal brain region. The clustering results showed more aggressive and lack-of-aware response patterns while driving in post-congestion situations. This study revealed that traffic congestion negatively affected driver behavior on the post-congestion roads. Practical implications for driving safety education was discussed based on the findings from the present study. New treatments are urgently needed in patients with ovarian cancer (OC), as diagnosis is delayed in many instances, resulting in 85% recurrence of the disease following surgery and standard chemotherapy. OC is considered to be an immunological type of cancer, despite its limited response to current immunotherapy options, including vaccination. Thus, additional interventions may improve their efficacy. Dendritic cells (DCs) are the most widely used cellular vaccination therapy in patients with OC due to their crucial role in the initiation and development of immune response. There are viable options for DC-vaccination with a favorable toxicity profile, but specific alternatives should consider the limited therapeutic effectiveness of DC-vaccination in OC treatment. In this respect, B-cells and macrophages provide additional possibilities that may be explored for immunotherapy. Here we consider the current state-of-the-art of immunotherapy strategies for OC treatment and evaluate their potential for future improvements.