dent risk factors for proximal FJV.Level of Evidence 2.

A prospective study.

The aim was to report the results of an alternative technique to GR for neuromuscular scoliosis using a minimally invasive fusionless surgery with a minimum of 5 years follow-up.

Conservative treatment is not effective in progressive neuromuscular scoliosis. Early surgery using growing rods (GR) are increasingly advocated to control the deformity while preserving spinal and thoracic growth before arthrodesis. These techniques still provide a high rate of complications.

The technique relies on a bilateral double rod sliding instrumentation anchored proximally by 4 hooks claws and distally to the pelvis by ilio-sacral screws through a minimally invasive approach. selleck kinase inhibitor The clinical and radiological outcomes of 100 consecutive patients with neuromuscular scoliosis who underwent this fusionless surgery with a minimum follow-up of 5 years were reviewed.

6.5 ± 0.7 years after initial surgery, 6 patients were lost of follow-up and 11 died of unrelated raison. Of the 83 remaining patients at not required for all patient at skeletal maturity. This technique could be a good alternative to arthrodesis for neuromuscular scoliosis.Level of Evidence 3.

Prospective cohort study.

To identify surgical factors that affect adjacent segment kinematics after anterior cervical discectomy and fusion (ACDF) as measured by biplane radiography.

Previous studies investigated the effect of surgical factors on spine kinematics as a potential etiology for adjacent segment disease (ASD). Those studies used static flexion-extension radiographs to evaluate range of motion. However, measurements from static radiographs are known to be unreliable. Furthermore, those studies were unable to evaluate the effect of ACDF on adjacent segment axial rotation.

Patients had continuous cervical spine flexion/extension and axial rotation movements captured at 30 images per second in a dynamic biplane radiography system preoperatively and 1 year after ACDF. Digitally reconstructed radiographs generated from subject-specific CT scans were matched to biplane radiographs using a previously validated tracking process. Dynamic kinematics, postoperative segmental kyphosis, and disc distraadjacent segment kinematics that reflect the hypermobility hypothesized to lead to the development of ASD.Level of Evidence 2.

Following ACDF for cervical spondylosis, factors related to surgical technique were not associated with short-term changes in adjacent segment kinematics that reflect the hypermobility hypothesized to lead to the development of ASD.Level of Evidence 2.

A lab study performed in a self-controlled fashion.

To examine whether “surgical smoke” generated by using the electrocautery on porcine spinal tissues could contain viable bacteria.

The year 2020 has seen a surge in legislation regarding surgical smoke evacuation in the operating room across the United States. Surgical smoke contains numerous toxic and carcinogenic substances, which spine surgeons and operating room staff are regularly exposed to. While the smoke’s chemical toxicity has been extensively studied, little is known about its biohazard level.

The electrocautery was used to “operate on” 20 segments of porcine spinal tissues on a clean bench. In each operation, the generated smoke was captured with a swab, which was positioned above the surgical site and within the smoke, to obtain bacteria cultures. Two other swabs -a tissue swab (swabbing the porcine tissue itself) and a blank swab (swabbing an empty sterile bowl)- were collected as controls. The culture results were compared among the three groups. An additional experiment was conducted to see whether using a mask can reduce the “infection rate” of the swab.

While all blank swabs tested negative, 95% (19/20) of the smoke swabs tested positive, with a total of nine bacteria species identified. The most prevalent species observed in the smoke swabs included Serratia liquefaciens, Lactococcus garvieae, and Hafnia alvei, etc. Among the positive smoke swabs, 84% (16/19) had one or more bacteria species that were consistent with the cultures of their corresponding tissue swabs. Using a surgical or N95 mask reduced the “infection rate” of the swab.

“Surgical smoke” generated by electrocauterization of porcine spinal tissues contains viable bacteria. Further research in actual spine surgery is needed next.Level of Evidence N/A.

“Surgical smoke” generated by electrocauterization of porcine spinal tissues contains viable bacteria. Further research in actual spine surgery is needed next.Level of Evidence N/A.

Retrospective Cohort Study.

To determine whether Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS) Pediatric Domain scores can be accurately and reliably predicted from legacy patient reported outcome measures (PROMs) for use in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis.

Previous efforts have been made to develop translational models between PROMIS domains and legacy PROMs in adult spinal deformity, but translational models for pediatric and adolescent patients with spinal deformity have not yet been developed.

Scores were retrospectively collected on pediatric patients aged who were diagnosed with spinal asymmetry or scoliosis for the following PROMs Scoliosis Research Society-22r (SRS-22r), Trunk Appearance Perception Scale (TAPS), Hospital for Special Surgery Functional Activity Brief Scale (HSS Pedi-FABS), and PROMIS Pediatric Domains Pain Interference, Mobility, Physical Stress Experiences, Psychological Stress Experiences, Physical Activity. Pearson correlations were determined between legnces, Psychological Stress Experiences, Physical Activity) were reliably translated directly from these legacy scores for pediatric and adolescent patients with spinal deformity.Level of Evidence 3.

All of the evaluated PROMIS domains (Pain Interference, Mobility, Physical Stress Experiences, Psychological Stress Experiences, Physical Activity) were reliably translated directly from these legacy scores for pediatric and adolescent patients with spinal deformity.Level of Evidence 3.