high. Our findings highlight the need for urgent action to improve prescription practices. It seems that developing a national plan to improve antibiotic prescribing is necessary.

Prevalence of antibiotic prescribing in Iran is high. Our findings highlight the need for urgent action to improve prescription practices. It seems that developing a national plan to improve antibiotic prescribing is necessary.

High dietary salt and a lack of reduced blood pressure (BP) at night (non-dipping) are risk factors for the development of hypertension which may result in end-organ damage and death. The effect of high dietary salt on BP in black people of sub-Saharan Africa living with HIV is not well established. The goal of this study was to explore the associations between salt sensitivity and nocturnal blood pressure dipping according to HIV and hypertension status in a cohort of adult Zambian population.

We conducted an interventional study among 43 HIV-positive and 42 HIV-negative adults matched for age and sex. Study participants were instructed to consume a low (4 g) dietary salt intake for a week followed by high (9 g) dietary salt intake for a week. Salt resistance and salt sensitivity were defined by a mean arterial pressure difference of ≤5 mmHg and ≥ 8 mmHg, respectively, between the last day of low and high dietary salt intervention. Nocturnal dipping was defined as a 10-15% decrease in night-time blood prsensitive to salt intake and demonstrate more non-dipping pattern compared to HIV-negative hypertensive group. However, further studies with a larger sample size are required to validate this.

The results of the present study suggest that high dietary salt intake raises blood pressure and worsens nocturnal BP dipping to a greater extent in hypertensive than normotensive individuals and that hypertensive individuals have higher dietary salt intake than their normotensive counterparts. Regarding HIV status, BP of HIV-positive hypertensive patients may be more sensitive to salt intake and demonstrate more non-dipping pattern compared to HIV-negative hypertensive group. However, further studies with a larger sample size are required to validate this.The aim of this paper was to investigate the protective effects of bromodomain containing 4 (BRD4) inhibition on the temporomandibular joint osteoarthritis (TMJ OA) induced by compressive mechanical stress and to explore the underlying mechanism. In vivo, a rat model of TMJ compressive loading device was used and BRD4 inhibitor was injected into the TMJ region. HE staining and micro-CT analysis were used for histological and radiographic assessment. Immunohistochemistry and qPCR were performed to detect inflammatory cytokines expressions. High-throughput ChIP-sequencing screening was performed to compare the BRD4 and H3K27ac binding patterns between condylar cartilage from control and mechanical force groups. In vitro, the mandibular condylar chondrocytes were treated with IL-1β. Small Interference RNA (siRNA) infection was used to silencing BRD4 or TREM1. qPCR was performed to detect inflammatory cytokines expressions. Our study showed that BRD4 inhibition can alleviate the thinning of condylar cartilage and subchondral bone resorption, as well as decrease the inflammatory factors expression both in vivo and in vitro. ChIP-seq analysis showed that BRD4 was more enriched in the promoter region of genes related to the stress and inflammatory pathways under mechanical stress in vivo. Trem1, a pro-inflammatory gene, was screened out from the overlapped BRD4 and H3K27ac increased binding sites, and Trem1 mRNA was found to be regulated by BRD4 inhibition both in vivo and in vitro. TREM1 inhibition reduced the expression of inflammatory factors induced by IL-1β in vitro. In summary, we concluded that BRD4 inhibition can protect TMJ OA-like pathological changes induced by mechanical stress and attenuate TREM1-mediated inflammatory response.

In the 1980s and 1990s, great strides were taken towards the elimination of tsetse and animal African trypanosomiasis (AAT) in Zimbabwe. However, advances in recent years have been limited. Previously freed areas have been at risk of reinvasion, and the disease in tsetse-infested areas remains a constraint to food security. As part of ongoing control activities, monitoring of tsetse and AAT is performed regularly in the main areas at risk. However, a centralized digital archive is missing. To fill this gap, a spatially explicit, national-level database of tsetse and AAT (i.e. atlas) was established through systematic data collation, harmonization and geo-referencing for the period 2000-2019.

The atlas covers an area of approximately 70,000 km

, located mostly in the at-risk areas in the north of the country. In the tsetse component, a total of 33,872 entomological records were assembled for 4894 distinct trap locations. selleck chemicals For the AAT component, 82,051 samples (mainly dry blood smears from clinically suspicimed at progressively eliminating tsetse and trypanosomiasis from the entire country. The comprehensive dataset assembled in the atlas will improve the spatial targeting of surveillance and control activities. It will also represent a valuable tool for research, by enabling large-scale geo-spatial analyses.

The patterns of tsetse and AAT distributions in Zimbabwe are shaped by a combination of bioclimatic factors, historical events such as the rinderpest epizootic at the turn of the twentieth century and extensive and sustained tsetse control that is aimed at progressively eliminating tsetse and trypanosomiasis from the entire country. The comprehensive dataset assembled in the atlas will improve the spatial targeting of surveillance and control activities. It will also represent a valuable tool for research, by enabling large-scale geo-spatial analyses.

Around 13% of the world’s population suffers from obesity. More than 40% of people with obesity display emotional eating behaviour (eating in response to negative emotions or distress). It is an alternate to more effective coping strategies for negative emotions. Our study explored the opportunities for helping adults with emotional overeating using a virtual coach, aiming to identify preferences for tailored coaching strategies applicable in a personal virtual coach environment. Three different coaching strategies were tested a validating, a focus-on-change, and a dialectical one – the latter being a synthesis of the first two strategies.

A qualitative study used vignettes reflecting the two most relevant situations for people with emotional eating 1. experiencing negative emotions, with ensuing food cravings; and 2. after losing control to emotional eating, with ensuing feelings of low self-esteem. Applied design 2 situations × 3 coaching strategies.

71 adult women (M

44.4/years, range 19-70, SD = 12.