Interestingly, melatonin could activate Notch1 signaling pathway, play an antioxidant role, and reduce the expression of apoptosis-related proteins. However, these protective effects could be largely eliminated by Luzindole or DAPT. We concluded that the repression of Notch1 signaling pathway would inhibit the repair of oxidative stress injury in diabetes. Melatonin could ameliorate oxidative stress injury and apoptosis of diabetic aorta by activating Notch1/Hes1 signaling pathway.Mastiha is a natural nutritional supplement with known anti-inflammatory properties. Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) are immune mediated inflammatory diseases that share common pathophysiological features. Mastiha has shown beneficial effects in both diseases. MicroRNAs have emerged as key regulators of inflammation and their modulation by phytochemicals have been extensively studied over the last years. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate whether a common route exists in the anti-inflammatory activity of Mastiha, specifically through the regulation of miRNA levels. Plasma miR-16, miR-21 and miR-155 were measured by Real-Time PCR before and after two double blinded and placebo-controlled randomized clinical trials with Mastiha. In IBD and particularly in ulcerative colitis patients in relapse, miR-155 increased in the placebo group (p = 0.054) whereas this increase was prevented by Mastiha. The mean changes were different in the two groups even after adjusting for age, sex and BMI (p = 0.024 for IBD and p = 0.042). Although the results were not so prominent in NAFLD, miR-155 displayed a downward trend in the placebo group (p = 0.054) whereas the levels did not changed significantly in the Mastiha group in patients with less advanced fibrosis. Our results propose a regulatory role for Mastiha in circulating levels of miR-155, a critical player in T helper-17 (Th17) differentiation and function.The purpose of this study was to explore the effect of Lycopene in Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) (USA 300)-induced inflammation and to elucidate the potential mechanism of its action. The direct effect of Lycopene on S. aureus USA300 growth was determined via growth curves assay, and α-Hemolysin (Hla) release of S. aureus USA300 using hemolysis assay. Furthermore, S. aureus USA300 infected mouse model was established by intranasally infection using bacterial suspension. Histological evaluation of lung tissue after infection was carried out using H&E staining. The lungs edema was estimated using wet/dry ratio. The concentrations of cytokines in lung tissues homogenate were detected using the commercial enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kit. It was shown that Lycopene inhibited Hla hemolytic activity and decreased expression of Hla and regulatory RNAIII Lycopene treatment protected A549 cells from S. aureus USA300 induced injury and acute lung inflammation. Inflammatory cytokines were also down-regulated by Lycopene treatment in the lung tissues of S. aureus USA300 infected mice. In conclusion, Lycopene restrains S. aureus-induced inflammation via inhibiting α-Hemolysin expression.In reptiles, exposure to hypoxia during embryonic development affects several cardiovascular parameters. These modifications may impose different mechanical stress to the arterial system, and we speculated that the arterial wall of major outflow vessels would be modified accordingly. Since non-crocodilian reptiles possess a partially divided ventricle, ensuing similar systemic and pulmonary systolic pressures, we investigated how morphological and mechanical properties of segments from the left aortic arch (LAo) and the proximal and distal segments of the left pulmonary artery (LPAp and LPAd, respectively) change as body mass (Mb) increases. Eggs from common snapping turtles, Chelydra serpentina, were incubated under normoxia (21% O2; N21) or hypoxia (10% O2; H10), hatched and maintained in normoxia thereafter. Turtles (0.11-6.85 kg) were cannulated to measure arterial pressures, and an injection of adrenaline was used to increase pressures. Portions of the LAo, LPAp and LPAd were fixed under physiological hydrostatic pressures for histology and mechanical assessment. Arterial pressures increased with Mb for N21 but not for H10. Although mechanical and functional characteristics from the LPAp and LPAd were similar between N21 and H10, wall thickness from LAo did not change with Mb in the H10 group, thus wall stress increased in larger turtles. This indicates that larger H10 turtles probably experience an elevated probability of arterial wall rupture without concomitant changes in the cardiovascular system to prevent it. Finally, collagen content of the LPAp and LAo was smaller than in LPAd, suggesting a more distensible arterial wall could attenuate higher pressures from larger turtles.The objective of this study was to analyze the efficiency of the killed vaccine against nervous necrosis virus on Acipenser stellutus. Heat inactivated VNN vaccine was administrated in 7 g juveniles of Acipenser stellutus as a laboratory model and it was included in three different adjuvants that were used as injection and immersion forms with different doses. Ten groups consisting of 30 A. stellutus fish in each group (group 1-4 with 3 replications, others with no replicate) were divided totally into 18 aquariums. Two steps of vaccination were done with a one-month interval and after that, all treatments and control groups were challenged by the virulent VNN virus. The mortality rate of immersion and injection groups were 12.9% and 19.8% respectively, compared to 100% mortality in the control group. NEM inhibitor in vivo Histopathology and immunohistochemistry findings were evaluated. According to the mortality rate one month after challenging, a low range mortality of 12.5% was seen in group 2 with no pathological lesion and negative IHC test in the brain and eye tissues, whereas 100% of the control group (unvaccinated group) died with severe vacuolation in the brain and eye tissues and also positive IHC test. The correlation assay between these results concluded that the immersion form with 75% of aquatic-specific Montanide IMS 1312 Seppic adjuvant made better immunization with no pathological sign or forming the complex of antigen-antibody in IHC assay. These findings are important because of the impossibility of injection in the larval stage and also due to the occurrence of the disease in the first stage of sturgeon life which could cause high mortality in susceptible fish in the larval stage.