of introductions.

The surgical treatment options for low rectal cancer patients include the Abdominoperineal Resection and the sphincter saving Low Anterior Resection. There is growing evidence towards better outcomes for patients being treated with a Low Anterior Resection compared to an Abdominoperineal Resection.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the short term and oncological outcomes in low rectal cancer treatment.

This is a retrospective cohort study of prospectively collected data.

Rectal cancer patients from a single center in the United Kingdom.

Patients included all low rectal cancer patients (≤ 6cm from the anal verge) undergoing Low Anterior Resection or Abdominoperineal Resection between 2006 and 2016.

To identify differences in postoperative complications and disease free and overall survival.

A total of 262 patients were included for analysis (Low Anterior Resection n = 170, Abdominoperineal Resection n = 92). Abdominoperineal Resection patients were significantly older (69 versus 66years), had lower tumours (3 versus 5cm), received more neo-adjuvant radiation, had longer hospital stay and more complications (wound infections and wound dehiscence). Low Anterior Resections had a significantly higher number of harvested lymph nodes (17 versus 12) however there was no difference in nodal involvement and R0 resection rate. No significant difference was found for recurrence, overall survival and disease free survival.

Retrospective review of cancer database and single center data.

In the treatment of low rectal cancer Abdominoperineal Resection is associated with higher rates of postoperative complications and longer hospital stay compared to the Low Anterior Resection, with similar oncological outcomes.

In the treatment of low rectal cancer Abdominoperineal Resection is associated with higher rates of postoperative complications and longer hospital stay compared to the Low Anterior Resection, with similar oncological outcomes.

Albuterol is a β2-agonist and causes an intracellular shift of potassium from the interstitium. Whole-body hypokalemia is known to cause skeletal muscle weakness, but whether this occurs as a result of hypokalemia from the intracellular shift during albuterol treatment is unknown. We sought to determine if albuterol total dose or route of administration (nebulization and/or metered-dose inhaler) is associated with skeletal muscle weakness.

This was a prospective observational study using convenience sampling. Skeletal muscle strength was measured before and after 1 hour of albuterol treatment using a hand-grip dynamometer in participants aged 5-17 years with acute asthma exacerbation in the emergency department. We examined associations of albuterol dose and route of administration with changes in grip strength.

Among 50 participants, 10 received continuous albuterol by nebulizer and 40 received albuterol by metered-dose inhaler. The median (interquartile range) in change of grip was -7.8% (interquartile range, -23.3, +5.1) for those treated with a nebulizer and +2.4% (interquartile range, -5%, +12.7%) for those treated with a metered-dose inhaler (

=0.036 for the difference). In a multiple linear regression model adjusted for the pretreatment Acute Asthma Intensity Research Score and age, participants treated with a nebulizer had a 12.9% decrease in skeletal muscle strength compared with those treated with a metered-dose inhaler.

Higher doses of albuterol administered via nebulization result in decreased skeletal muscle strength in patients with acute asthma; whereas, albuterol administration via metered-dose inhalers showed no effect on skeletal muscle strength.

Higher doses of albuterol administered via nebulization result in decreased skeletal muscle strength in patients with acute asthma; whereas, albuterol administration via metered-dose inhalers showed no effect on skeletal muscle strength.Molecular tumor testing has transformed the treatment of patients with malignancies and is helping catalyze the development of novel therapeutic strategies. selleck chemicals In a recent issue of The New England Journal of Medicine, Arakawa et al. describe two cases of pediatric lung cancer resulting from mother-to-infant transmission, diagnosed remote from delivery.1.hTERT-RPE1 cells are genetically stable near diploid cells widely used to model cell division, DNA repair, or ciliogenesis in a non-transformed context. However, poor transfectability and limited homology-directed repair capacity hamper their amenability to gene editing. Here, we describe a protocol for rapid and efficient generation of diverse homozygous knockins. In contrast to other approaches, this strategy bypasses the need for molecular cloning. Our approach can also be applied to a variety of cell types including cancer and induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs).Researchers need in vitro models that mirror the biology of organisms. Primary fibroblasts play essential roles in wound healing and are present in many tissues. They are widely used in studies of cell cycle control, reprogramming, and aging. Though extraction protocols exist, alternatives that maximize use of available resources are useful. Here, we present our protocol for extracting primary fibroblasts from adult mouse ear pinnae, an often-discarded source of primary cells, which consistently yield large, pure numbers of primary fibroblasts.Calcium regulation is a critical process in neurons, and Ca2+ signaling is a major contributor to neurological disorders including Parkinson’s disease (PD). Here, combining calcium imaging with whole-cell Ca2+ current recording, we provide a detailed protocol for measuring Ca2+ homeostasis in dopaminergic (DA) neurons derived from human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs). This approach can be applied to investigate the role of Ca2+ homeostasis in neuronal functionality as well as in disease processes. For complete details on the use and execution of this protocol, please refer to Kim et al. (2020).Conventional chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) includes many steps that need to be optimized. Here, we have described a protocol of fractionation-assisted native ChIP (fanChIP) which combines subfractionation and native ChIP to purify protein/chromatin complexes applicable for analyses of both protein-protein and protein-DNA interactions within a short period of time. fanChIP is advantageous as subcellular fractionation removes chromatin-unbound materials before immunoprecipitation, and the chromatin fragmentation by micrococcal nuclease (MNase) in a mild condition enables one-step purification of intact protein/chromatin complexes. For complete details on the use and execution of this protocol, please refer to Miyamoto et al. (2020).