Rehmannia glutinosa Libosch. is a perennial herbaceous plant of the family Scrophulariaceae. Its roots can be used as traditional Chinese medicine. The asexual reproduction by vegetative organ of R. glutinosa lead to an increased viral disease that seriously affects its yield and quality (Kwak et al. 2020; Kwak et al. 2018; Ling and Liu 2009). Leaves of R. glutinosa in Wenxian County, Henan Province, China showed symptoms of chlorosis, mosaic and irregular yellow in August 2019. In general, the older leaves at the base or middle of the plant (sample 2# and 5#) first became irregular yellowing, followed by a gradual extend to the leaves at the top (Supplementary Fig. S1A). Six plants (2#, 3#, 5#, 7#, 8#, and 9#) with these symptoms were collected. The total RNA was extracted and its siRNAs were obtained. High-throughput siRNA sequencing (Sangon, Shanghai, China) was performed on Illumina Hiseq 2000 platform with paired-end method after siRNA library construction (NEBNext Ultra II RNA Library Prep Kit, NEB, UK)CYV and ReMV was 5.8% in fields (Supplementary Table S2). In sum, these results indicated the CCYV can naturally infect R. glutinosa in China. CCYV is transmitted by white-fly in a semi-persistent manner and mainly damages cucurbits (Orfanidou et al. 2017). CCYV has been discovered in many places (Huang et al. 2010). Sodium orthovanadate price To date, there is no report about CCYV infecting R. glutinosa in nature. This is the first report of CCYV naturally infect R. glutinosa in China.The necrotrophic pathogen Sclerotinia sclerotiorum is one of the most damaging and economically important plant pathogens. Pydiflumetofen, which was recently developed by Syngenta Crop Protection, has already been registered in China for the management of Sclerotinia stem rot (SSR) which was caused by S. sclerotiorum in oilseed rape. In an attempt to preempt and forestall the development of resistance to this useful fungicide, the current study was initiated to investigate potential mechanism of resistance in laboratory mutants. Five pydiflumetofen-resistant S. sclerotiorum mutants were successfully generated by repeated exposure to the fungicide under laboratory conditions. Although the mutants had greatly reduced sensitivity to pydiflumetofen, they were also found to have significantly (p less then 0.05) reduced fitness exhibiting reduced mycelial growth and sclerotia formation on PDA medium. However, three of the four mutants had significantly (p less then 0.05) increased pathogenicity on detached soybthat pydiflumetofen has great potential as an alternative fungicide for the control of S. sclerotiorum, especially where resistance to other fungicides has already emerged. Mixing or alternate application with fludioxonil, prochloraz, and fluazinam could be used to limit the risk of resistance to pydiflumetofen.Mu oil tree (Vernicia montana) is an economically important woody oil plant, which is widely distributed in southern China. In mid-May 2020, a leaf spot disease was observed on the leaves of mu oil tree in Taihe County in Jiangxi Province, China (26°55’25.55″N, 114°49’5.85″E). The disease incidence was estimated to be above 40%. Initial symptoms were circular red-brown spots which were 1-2 mm in diameter, then enlarged with red-brown center. In later stages, the spots coalesced and formed large patches, and subsequently red-brown centers of lesions gradually dried and fell out, forming a “shot hole” appearance. To identify the pathogen, diseased leaves were collected from Taihe County. Leaf tissues (5 × 5 mm) were cut from the margins of typical symptomatic lesions, surface- sterilized in 75% ethanol for 30 seconds and 3% sodium hypochlorite for 60 seconds, then rinsed with sterile distilled water three times. Leaf pieces were placed on potato dextrose agar (PDA; 1.5%, Difco-BD Diagnostics) and incubated at 2 same fungus was re-isolated from the lesions on the inoculated plant, fulfilling Koch’s postulates. C. fioriniae has been recorded as anthracnose pathogen on Mahonia aquifolium (Garibaldi et al. 2020), Paeonia lactiflora (Park et al. 2020), Solanum melongena (Xu et al. 2020), and Juglans regia (Varjas et al. 2020). To our knowledge, this is the first report of C. fioriniae associated with leaf spot disease on mu oil tree in China. This study provided crucial information for epidemiologic studies and appropriate control strategies for this oil plant disease.[Figure see text].In 2015, the American Heart Association awarded 4-year funding for a Strategically Focused Research Network focused on hypertension composed of 4 Centers Cincinnati Children’s Hospital, Medical College of Wisconsin, University of Alabama at Birmingham, and University of Iowa. Each center proposed 3 integrated (basic, clinical, and population science) projects around a single area of focus relevant to hypertension. Along with scientific progress, the American Heart Association put a significant emphasis on training of next-generation hypertension researchers by sponsoring 3 postdoctoral fellows per center over 4 years. With the center projects being spread across the continuum of basic, clinical, and population sciences, postdoctoral fellows were expected to garner experience in various types of research methodologies. The American Heart Association also provided a number of leadership development opportunities for fellows and investigators in these centers. In addition, collaboration was highly encouraged among the centers (both within and outside the network) with the American Heart Association providing multiple opportunities for meeting and expanding associations. The area of focus for the Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Center was hypertension and target organ damage in children utilizing ambulatory blood pressure measurements. The Medical College of Wisconsin Center focused on epigenetic modifications and their role in pathogenesis of hypertension using human and animal studies. The University of Alabama at Birmingham Center’s areas of research were diurnal blood pressure patterns and clock genes. The University of Iowa Center evaluated copeptin as a possible early biomarker for preeclampsia and vascular endothelial function during pregnancy. In this review, challenges faced and successes achieved by the investigators of each of the centers are presented.