AIMS To evaluate the hepatoprotective activity of Clerodendrum paniculatum Leaf On Carbon Tetrachloride Induced Swiss albino Rats and its Characterization by GC-MS. BACKGROUND Clerodendrum paniculatum have ethnomedicinal importance as an ailment for disorders like wound, typhoid, jaundice, malaria and anemia. Kartogenin OBJECTIVE To evaluate the antioxidant and hepatoprotective activity of Clerodendrum paniculatum leaves against CCl4induced rat model and identification of its bioactive constituents by GC MS. METHOD Successive solvent extraction was carried out. Total phenolic, flavonoid content and Antioxidant activity by DPPH, NO, and ABTS method has done. Ethyl acetate extract has been selected for hepatoprotective study by CCl4 intoxicated model followed by the measurement of liver function marker enzymes such as SGOT, SGPT, and ALP. Biochemical parameters like Bilirubin and Protein was measured. Histopathologic liver sections were carried out. Bioactive constituents were evaluated by GC-MS. RESULT By DPPH and ABTS method ethyl acetate extract showed IC50 as 70.14±0.92, 2958.24±2.460 respectively. Alcoholic extract showed maximum IC50 (197.22 ±7.16) for Nitric oxide radical scavenging method. Hepatoprotective study reveals that intoxicated animal groups showed elevated levels of enzymes and bilirubin and suppressed the production of protein. The extract pre treatment showed significant decrease in enzymes and increased production of Total protein in a dose dependant manner. Histopathologic studiesalso support the hepatoprotective activity. GC MS analysis revealed the presence of seven major bioactive constituents with ethyl palmitate as the major one. CONCLUSION The results support the proof for the hepatoprotective potential of the CPLE extract with potent antioxidant activity and enhanced liver enzyme level. The observed activity could be due to the presence of bioactive compounds as identified by GC MS analysis. Copyright© Bentham Science Publishers; For any queries, please email at epub@benthamscience.net.BACKGROUND Dengue fever is an arthropod-borne viral infection with a very high incidence in Southeast Asia. Most patients present with self-limiting febrile illness, while some patients may develop complications like acute kidney injury, acute liver failure, myocarditis or Guillain-Barre syndrome. Coexistence of dengue and MRSA (Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus) is rarely reported in the literature. CASE We describe a 28-year-old male presented with high-grade fever, polyserositis and thrombocytopenia. The patient was treated symptomatically for dengue infection. During the course of hospitalization, patient developed neck swelling (thyroid abscess) and left forearm abscess. MRSA was isolated from blood culture and pus, and successfully treated with iv antibiotics (Linezolid). CONCLUSION High anticipation and vigilance is required to detect concurrent bacteremia in dengue patients. Early recognition of warning signs with readily antibiotic therapy is important to prevent mortality and morbidity in these patients. Our report also highlights the MRSA as a rare cause of thyroid abscess with only 5 cases have been reported in the literature so far. Copyright© Bentham Science Publishers; For any queries, please email at epub@benthamscience.net.Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) as alternatives or more often as complementary to the conventional antimicrobials are being developed for the management of infectious conditions for the past two decades. These pharmacotherapeutic strategies are inevitable as the burden of antimicrobial resistance is far-reaching in recent times. MAbs are part of the targeted pharmacotherapy armamentarium with high degree of specificity – hence, exert comparatively superior efficacy and tolerability than the conventional polyclonal antisera. So far, only five mAbs have been approved for the management of infectious states – since, the marketing authorization (1998) given to palivizumab (Synagis®) for the prophylaxis of lower respiratory tract disease caused by respiratory syncytial virus in pediatric patients. Ibalizumab-uiyk (Trogarzo™) used for the management of multidrug resistant HIV-1 infection not yielding to at least 10 antiretroviral drugs previously was approved recently. Among the three antibacterial mAbs, raxibacumab ( For any queries, please email at epub@benthamscience.net.BACKGROUND Haemorrhoidal disease (HD) is a benign condition affecting a considerable part of adult population. HD can be considered a social and economic burden with high impact on patient lifestyle. Several new techniques and devices have been proposed for HD treatment; however, preoperative assessment is essential and the use of classification system is recommended. METHODS In the last two decades many studies described the preoperative assessment and several attempts of classification for HD. This review focuses on the most relevant studies found in literature where classification systems and clinical evaluation with differential diagnosis have been evaluated. RESULTS The knowledge of classification systems and differential diagnosis for HD has been shown to play a central role in the clinical assessment and in the best treatment choice. Although there are new challenging techniques and devices for HD treatment, a preoperative assessment is always mandatory. CONCLUSION Preoperative clinical evaluation is essential for HD patient treatment and outcome. Classification systems are useful for the therapeutic choice and for researches on new medical or surgical treatments. In fact, the international guidelines advise several therapeutic options depending on the severity of the HD. Copyright© Bentham Science Publishers; For any queries, please email at epub@benthamscience.net.The incidence, prevalence, and cost of care associated with diagnosis and management of inflammatory bowel disease are on the rise. The role of gut microbiota in the causation of Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis has not been established yet. Nevertheless, several animal models and human studies point towards the association. Targeting intestinal dysbiosis for the remission induction, maintenance, and relapse prevention is an attractive treatment approach with minimal adverse effects. However, the data is still conflicting. The purpose of this article is to provide the most comprehensive and updated review on the utility of prebiotics and probiotics in the management of active Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis/pouchitis and their role in the remission induction, maintenance, and relapse prevention. A thorough literature was performed on PubMed, Ovid Medline, and EMBASE using the terms “prebiotics and ulcerative colitis”, “probiotics and ulcerative colitis”, “prebiotics and Crohn’s disease”, “probiotics and Crohn’s disease”, “probiotics and acute pouchitis”, “probiotics and chronic pouchitis” and “prebiotics and pouchitis”.