The early detection of high-grade dysplasia in PCLs will provide early surgical treatment and improve outcomes for pancreatic cancer. Despite the high upfront cost of nCLE, the improved diagnostic accuracy and resultant appropriate management have resulted in improved cost effectiveness. Refining the procedure technique and limiting the procedure length have significantly improved the safety of nCLE. A structured training program and device improvements to allow more complete mapping of the pancreatic cyst epithelium will be crucial for the widespread adoption of this promising technology.Background/Aims Optimal small bowel (SB) preparation for video capsule endoscopy (VCE) is controversial. Our study aimed to support the use of a specified volume of 4 liters of clear liquids for bowel preparation for VCE. Methods A retrospective review of 284 patients who underwent SB preparation with 2 liters of polyethylene glycol (PEG) and 284 patients who had 4 liters of clear liquid preparation. We analyzed image quality, endoscopic findings, completion rate, and transit times. Results The 4-liter clear liquid group had significantly higher mean image quality scores when compared to the PEG group (2.669±0.64 to 2.908±0.77, p less then 0.0001), as well as more studies with adequate preparation (72% to 64%, p=0.0214). Although the PEG group had more endoscopic findings on VCE (40% to 23%, p less then 0.0001), there was a significant difference in the indications for the procedure between the groups. There was no difference in the capsule completion rate or SB transit time. Conclusions Our data demonstrate significantly higher mean image quality scores when using a specified volume of 4 liters of clear liquid compared to 2 liters of PEG. This study supports the growing evidence of the effectiveness of a 4-liter clear liquid SB preparation as opposed to PEG for VCE.Background/Aims The aim of this study was to compare antimicrobial resistance, clinical features, and outcomes of community-onset Escherichia coli (COEC) and Klebsiella pneumoniae (COKP) bacteremia. Methods The medical records of patients diagnosed with E. coli or K. pneumoniae bacteremia in the emergency department of a 750-bed secondary care hospital in Daegu, Korea from January 2010 to December 2016 were retrospectively reviewed. Results A total of 866 patients with COEC bacteremia and 299 with COKP bacteremia were enrolled. COEC bacteremia, compared to COKP bacteremia, had higher rates of 3rd generation cephalosporin (3GC) (18.8% vs. 8.4%, p less then 0.001) and f luoroquinolone (FQ) (30.4% vs. 8.0%, p less then 0.001) resistance. The patients with COKP bacteremia had higher Charlson comorbidity indices (CCI) (1.8 ± 2.0 vs. 1.5 ± 1.8, p = 0.035), Pittsburgh bacteremia scores (PBS) (2.0 ± 2.6 vs. 1.3 ± 1.8, p less then 0.001), and 30-day mortality (14.44% vs. 8.8%, p = 0.008) than the patients with COEC bacteremia. Age younger than 70 years, male sex, polymicrobial infections, pneumonia, intra-abdominal infection, PBS ≥ 2, and Foley catheter insertion were independent predictive factors for COKP bacteremia compared to COEC bacteremia in the multivariate analysis. CCI, PBS, and intensive care unit admission were independent risk factors for 30-day mortality in the multivariate analysis. Conclusions 3GCs and FQs are still useful for the empirical treatment of patients with probable COKP bacteremia. The patients with COKP bacteremia had worse outcomes because of its greater severity and more frequent underlying comorbidities.Objectives To systematically review and identify FFQs developed for the Iranian population, and their validation and reproducibility approaches in order to determine possible research gaps and needs in this regard. Methods Studies were selected by searching the relevant keywords in PubMed, Scopus, Science direct, Google scholar, SID and Iranmedex databases, unpublished data, and theses in November 2016 and updated in September2019. All English and Persian language papers were included. The duplicates, articles not related in content and those only published the protocol were excluded. Extracted articles were categorized based on1)number of food items in to short (≤80items) and long(>80 items)FFQs;2)the aim of FFQ to explore total consumption pattern/nutrients(general) or to detect specific nutrient(s)/food group(s)(specialized). Results Sixteen reasonably validated questionnaires were identified. click here However, only thirteen of them presented reproducibility assessment. Ten FFQs were categorized as “general” (7long and 3short formats) and six as “specialized” (3long and 3short) FFQs. Correlation coefficients for nutrient intakes between dietary records or recalls and FFQ were between0.07-0.82 for long [general(0.07-0.82) and specialized(0.26-0.67)] and0.20-0.67 for short [general(0.24-0.54) and specialized (0.20-0.42) formats. Long FFQs showed stronger validity and reproducibility than short ones. Reproducibility of FFQS were within the acceptable range(0.32-0.89).The strongest correlations were reported by studies with shorter intervals between the two FFQs. Conclusion FFQs designed for the Iranian population appear to be appropriate tools for dietary assessment; Despite, the acceptable reproductivity of FFQs, their validity for assessing specific nutrients and their applicability to be used in populations other than those they were developed for may be questionable.Purpose To investigate the clinicopathologic features and mutational landscape of patients with Hepatitis B virus (HBV)-related advanced hepatocellular carcinomas (HCC) undergoing transcatheter arterial chemoembolization (TACE). Materials and Methods From January 2017 to December 2018, 38 patients newly diagnosed with HBV-related advanced HCC were enrolled in the final analysis. Their pathological tissues and corresponding blood samples before TACE treatment were collected for whole-exome sequencing. Response to TACE was evaluated at 1-3 months after two consecutive use of TACE. Predictive factors were analyzed by univariate and multivariate analyses in a bivariate Logistic regression model. Enrichment of related pathways of all driver genes were acquired using the gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA). Results Among 38 patients, 23 (60.5%) exhibited TACE failure/refractoriness. Patients with TACE failure/refractoriness showed higher frequency of TP53 mutation than their counterparts (p=0.020). Univariate and multivariate analyses showed that only vascular invasion and TP53 mutation were significantly correlated with TACE failure/refractoriness in HBV-related advanced HCC.