Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), a fatal virus caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), has become a pandemic across the world. Despite early concerns, children appear to be less susceptible to acquiring SARS-CoV-2 and manifest minor clinical symptoms compared with adults. However, there still exists a risk of physical and psychological health problems in children and their families. In this review, we summarize the existing information about the mechanism of SARS-CoV-2 infection, the epidemiology of COVID-19, and the clinical manifestations, treatments, and further considerations regarding COVID-19 in children.Previous reviews have described the features of brain involvement in pediatric-onset metabolic disorders with Mendelian and mitochondrial inheritance, but only a few have focused on spinal cord abnormalities. An increasing number of metabolic disorders with Mendelian and mitochondrial inheritance in children with predominant spinal cord involvement has been recognized. Spinal cord involvement may be isolated or may occur more frequently with brain involvement. Timely diagnosis and occasional genetic counseling are needed for timely therapy. Therefore, clinicians must be aware of the clinical, laboratory, and radiographic features of these disorders. In this review, we describe pediatric-onset metabolic disorders with Mendelian and mitochondrial inheritance and predominant spinal cord involvement. Furthermore, we provide an overview of these conditions, including background information and examples that require rapid identification, focusing on treatable conditions; that would be catastrophic if they are not recognized.Objective To examine the understanding of the concept peak oxygen uptake (peak VO2) among children and adolescents at different ages from a developmental perspective. Methods A total of 549 children and adolescents aged 8 to 16 were recruited and instructed to fill in a 20-item Peak VO2Understanding Inventory developed with reference to the research literature on peak VO2. We presented the participants with twenty scenarios and asked them to indicate whether peak VO2 would “remain unchanged,” “increase,” or “decrease,” or that there was “insufficient information for a definite answer.” The cross-sectional data was analyzed by employing a series of ANOVA analyses and chi-square association tests. Additional statistical analyses were performed to examine the error patterns and if there were gender differences. Results Except for the 8-year-old group, the overall accuracy rate did not improve with age. Age-related differences in the choice of answers (“increase,” “decrease,” “unchanged,” and “uncertain”) for determining the resulting peak VO2 after a change of antecedent were observed. Error analysis by item showed that prefactual thinking that is important to understand the concept was emerging rather than fully developed in our child and adolescent samples. Conclusion The mastery of peak VO2 is not subject to age-related maturation but might demand the acquisition of specific logical reasoning skill such as perfactual thinking. Early introduction of peak VO2 and related concepts is advocated and should be emphasized on the reasoning rather than providing model answers in physical literacy education.Introduction Primary peritonitis (PP) and Ménétrier’s Disease (MD) are both rare conditions among pediatric population. Although about 150 MD cases have been described in the scientific literature to date, its onset with a PP is an unusual condition. Case Presentation We present a case of an 11-year-old boy who was admitted to our unit because of abdominal pain and distension. Complementary tests showed ascites, bilateral pleural effusion, leukocytosis, increased acute phase reactants and hypoproteinemia with hypoalbuminemia. Laparoscopy ruled out appendicitis or visceral perforations and exposed purulent peritoneal fluid, compatible with PP. Biochemical stool analysis showed increased clearance of alpha-1-antitrypsin, which was consistent with a protein-losing enteropathy. Gastroscopy findings were compatible with MD. The clinical course was favorable and he had no recurrence after 12 months of follow-up. Conclusion PP can be the first clinical manifestation of pediatric MD. Knowledge of MD and its generally benign nature in children is important in order to avoid excessive testing and unnecessary treatment.Introduction Diffuse alveolar hemorrhage (DAH) is an early pulmonary complication of hematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT) associated with severe hypoxemic respiratory failure and mortality. Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) support is often used for respiratory failure refractory to conventional interventions; however, its use has been limited in HCT patients with DAH due to potential for worsening alveolar hemorrhage and reported high mortality. Case Presentation We report two cases of DAH following HCT who developed refractory hypoxemic respiratory failure despite cessation of bleeding and were successfully supported with ECMO. Conclusion DAH after HCT should not automatically preclude ECMO support; rather, these patients must be evaluated individually for ECMO within the context of their overall clinical picture.Background Although hen’s egg (HE) allergy was thought to be usually resolved by late childhood, majority of HE allergy patients with a high level of egg white (HEW)-specific IgE could not acquire tolerance for HE by age 8 years. Objective The aim is to investigate whether the avoidance of HE until 6 years of age increased the risk of heated HE allergy at age 6 years. Methods This was a retrospective case-control study. The HE tolerance children (n = 17) and children with low-dose HE reactor [a positive reaction to ≤ 4 g of heated HEW in oral food challenges (OFCs)] children (n = 26) were included based on the results of OFC at 6 years old. selleck compound Multivariate logistic regression analysis was applied to examine the associations between HE avoidance until age 6 years and HE allergy status confirmed by OFC, adjusting the level of ovomucoid-specific IgE (OM-sIgE) during early infancy. Results A lower proportion of strict avoidance of HE was observed in the HE tolerance group than in the low-dose HE reactor group (6 vs.